🏷️ LIMITED TIME OFFER: GET 20% OFF GRADE+ YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION →
Log in
Biology
3
answers
0
watching
133
views

I need a brief explanation for each term :

1-greenhouse effect

2-effects of climate change

3-impacts of climate change on human health

4-mitigating climate change effects

5-reasons for declining biodiversity

6-biodiversity values

7-ecosystem services

8-eutrophication

9-effects of increasing N and CO2

Watch
3
answers
0
watching
133
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Jean Keeling
Jean KeelingLv2
29 Sep 2019
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

This laboratory relates to the following Terminal Course Objective(TCO):


8 Given the two major problems of global warming and ozone layerdepletion, compare and contrast the causes, environmental andhealth impacts, as well as the success or failure of internationalpolicies to solve these problems.


Introduction

We have heard for a long time that air pollution and theaccumulation of greenhouse gases lead to global warming. In theanimation below the rise in global temperature and the rise in sealevel is predicted by a model built by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC). This model is based on a number ofassumptions on the amount of ozone, particulate matter and otherair pollutants.







Depletion of the Ozone Layer

Solar radiation emits electromagnetic waves with a wide range ofwavelengths. Visible light is the part of the electromagneticspectrum that can be detected by the eye's photoreceptors.Ultraviolet radiation has slightly shorter wavelengths than visiblelight and can cause damage to the biological tissues that absorb itby destroying protein and DNA molecules. The damaging effects ofultraviolet radiation are mitigated by the ozone (O3) in theatmosphere. The ozone in the stratosphere is called the OzoneLayer. Without the Ozone Layer, it is doubtful that any life onearth could survive. Since World War ll, many atmosphericscientists began to measure the concentration of ozone in thestratosphere around the South Pole. They have noted someinteresting trends. In the exercise below we will explore the issueof Ozone Depletion.



Wind Circulation in the Atmosphere

Wind circulation in the atmosphere is largely responsible for ourweather, our climate zones, and the movement and concentration ofgreenhouse gases and other air pollutants. The learning objectbelow demonstrates the circulation of winds vertically andhorizontally around the earth.



Man and Global Climate Change

The role of man in the creation of greenhouse gases and globalwarming has long been debated. The Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) commissioned a model to judge the effects ofman on global temperature, the role of natural environmentalprocesses, and the combination of both. This model is exploredbelow.



One of the greenhouse gases that can be directly related to theactivities of man is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a product ofindustrial and transportation activities. While it is true thatother processes, like respiration, can produce CO2, it is simple tolook at the concentration of CO2 before and after the industrialrevolution and clearly see the effects of man.



Concern about greenhouse gases led to representatives of 166nations to sign the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which attempted tolimit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Therise of the global economy has complicated the issue, as isdemonstrated in the learning object below.



Greenhouse Gases and Health

In recent years we have been measuring the Air Quality Index (AQI),which is a measure of such pollutants as ozone, particulate matter,and CO2. In the exercise below you may explore the AQI in citiesacross the U.S.







Let's look at two locations less than 500 miles apart thatrepresent both ends of the spectrum of the issue of greenhousegases and global warming. Explore both virtual field trips andevaluate them in terms of whether they contribute to the greenhousegas problem or help reduce it.

Kuala Lumpur

Rainforest / Terraced Rice Fields



Exercises

Exercise 1. Have a class debate between people representing thedeveloping countries and people representing the developedcountries OR write an essay comparing and contrasting the two.Characterize each side in terms of the issues surroundingpopulation growth, energy use, resource use, and sustainabledevelopment. Find common interests between the two.

Exercise 2. Look at the two virtual field trips and define each ofthe environments depicted in terms of the global carbon cyclediagram below. Assuming that the cycle is in balance, how wouldeach site change the balance.



Exercise 3. Develop a series of international agreements that wouldlead to the kind of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions calledfor in the Kyoto Protocol and that would satisfy the concerns forglobal equity between developed and developing countries.

Exercise 4. Using the table below keep track of your dailyactivities and how they affect the greenhouse gas crisis in theworld. What does each activity produce? Are the products positiveor negative. How do the sizes (volumes of gas) of the variousproducts vary? After you have created your table define yourpersonal global carbon footprint. Do you have a positive effect ora negative one?







1. Describe the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds and explain how we are exposed to these toxins. (3 points)



Climate Disruption/Atmospheric Warming – Please answer each question separately in this series of short essays, using your own words. (6 points total) I’ve assigned the number of points required to minimally answer each one, but extra credit may be earned for demonstrating a thorough understanding.

2. Describe a) the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect and the atmospheric gases involved and b) the enhanced greenhouse effect and its consequences. (1 point)



3. In what ways do oceans help moderate climate change? Describe the harmful positive feedback mechanisms involved. (1 point)



4. Thoroughly describe the effects of melting land ice and snow - such as glaciers in Greenland and the Himalayas - on the environment and on people. Describe the positive feedback mechanisms involved. (1.5 points)



5. Describe why melting sea ice does not contribute significantly to sea level rise. (A knowledge of basic physics or chemistry will help.) (0.5 point)



6. So, what ARE the major harmful effects caused by melting sea ice? (1 point)



7. Describe the role of melting permafrost in climate disruption, and the positive feedback mechanisms involved. (1 point)



Risk
8. What are the three major risks you face from each of the following a) your lifestyle, b) where you live, and c) what you do for a living? Which of these is voluntary and which are involuntary? What steps can you take to reduce these risks? (3 points)



Green taxes, tax shifting
9. Summarize how we can discourage pollution and resource waste by taxing it. Why is the United States Congress slow to enact green taxes? (3 points)



Individuals (in Business) Matter
10. Briefly describe Mike Biddle’s contribution to plastics recycling (1 point)



11. Briefly describe three principles of sustainability specifically adopted by Ray Anderson’s carpet company, Interface. (1 point)



Environmental Law
12. Summarize the political controversy over managing the four major types of US public lands. (3 points) For a little extra credit, you may also cite recent news about legislation to open more public land to drilling, mining, logging, etc.



Comprehensive Final Essay: Perverse Subsidies
The negative effects of perverse government subsidies and how they directly compound other problems have been mentioned throughout the textbook and in Myers’ guest essay “Perverse Subsidies”. In order to answer the questions below, you’ll be gathering your information from various chapters. If you remember sufficient detail without having to look things up, you must say so (“from memory”). Otherwise, please cite all pages consulted.

NOTE: I am NOT asking for a recap of all the environmental and social problems associated with agriculture, fisheries, mining, etc. (That would be a very long discussion!) Each chapter section describes information specific to subsidies for each industry. Please summarize in your own words. (Total 5 points) Once again, I’ve assigned the number of points required to minimally answer each topic, but extra credit may be earned. This is your chance to pull ahead with your insight into subsidies!

13. Agricultural subsidies
Describe how U.S. government perverse subsidies for industrial agriculture (in general) have negatively affected the environment and society in the U.S. and in other countries. (2 points)



14. Continue to describe the perverse subsidies for each of the following industries, and some of the harmful consequences due to current subsidies: (3 points)

*Fisheries


*Mining


*Oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power (nonrenewable energy resources)

1.

What is a method that some ecologists have proposed to protectspecies from extinction in the face of global climate change?

  1. natural attenuation
  2. assisted migration
  3. bioremediation
  4. mitigation
  5. adaptive management

2.

Why is it usually not possible to restore a community to itspre-altered state?

  1. It is not always possible to determine the kinds of speciesthat populated a community.
  2. Invasive species compromise restoration.
  3. Climate change complicates restoration.
  4. Evolutionary trajectories cannot be predicted.
  5. All answers are correct.

3.

How is ecological restoration different from restorationecology?

  1. It considers cultural and societal concerns.
  2. It does not rely on ecological principles.
  3. It cannot be predicted.
  4. It does not involve manipulation of the environment.
  5. All answers are correct.

4.

What is the goal of assisted migration?

  1. to help species respond to climate change
  2. to help species learn new seasonal migration routes
  3. to help migrating species avoid human-made structures
  4. to help native species tolerate restoration efforts
  5. All answers are correct.

5.

Which of the following might serve to enhance habitat in arestoration project?

  1. a dead log in a stream
  2. a concrete water control structure in an estuary
  3. removal of a dam
  4. an artificial nesting box
  5. All answers are correct.

6.

Biologists want to restore a region that experienced stripmining. How will bacteria assist in the restoration?

  1. They will restore the biotic parts of a community.
  2. They will enhance adaptive management.
  3. They will remove harmful metals.
  4. They will improve revegetation.
  5. They will remove the source of the disturbance.

7.

A barge has leaked a small amount of oil in the middle of LakeMichigan. What might be the best solution to clean it up?

  1. Add molasses to stimulate bacterial action.
  2. Leave it alone.
  3. Introduce engineered bacteria.
  4. Add microorganisms not normally found in the lake.
  5. Launch a comprehensive restoration effort.

8.

Before deciding on an appropriate restoration strategy for aparticular degraded ecosystem, which information would be LEASTimportant to have?

  1. the goals of the restoration, in terms of biodiversity andecosystem functioning
  2. the degree to which the ecosystem has been degraded whencompared to a reference ecosystem
  3. the types of species that were present before thedegradation
  4. the social, political and economic constraints on therestoration
  5. None of the answers are correct.

9.

A biologist works to restore habitat during a restorationproject. Which of the following might serve to enhance thehabitat?

  1. a dead log in a stream
  2. a concrete water control structure in an estuary
  3. removal of a dam
  4. an artificial nesting box
  5. All answers are correct.
  6. 10.
  7. Restoration ecologists want to restore a landscape to itsoriginal state before humans arrived and altered it, but they donot know what species of plants lived there historically. What isthe best alternative?
  8. Import plants from other ecosystems at the same latitude.
  9. Bioremediate the soil.
  10. Use plants growing nearby.
  11. Use assisted migration.
  12. Let nature take its course.

11.

Biologists begin collecting native seeds in a seed bank in aregion that experienced considerable alteration. Describe thebenefits of taking this action for the future.

  1. It is important to collect samples of native seeds for culturalpurposes.
  2. Biologists can use the seeds to restore other regions atsimilar latitudes.
  3. If the region is heavily altered, it may take time and multiplesteps to restore the region. Collecting the seeds while they areavailable ensures that the biologists can use them later in therestoration process.
  4. The see bank will promote the assisted migration of plants fromhabitats made unsuitable by climate change.
  5. All answers are correct.

12.

Although disturbance is often thought of as a detriment tonatural ecosystem functioning, one type of disturbance, fire, isoften used to restore ecological communities. In what way(s) canfire restore ecological communities?

  1. Fire is an effective way to "clean the slate" of the ecosystemby burning plants and sterilizing the soil so that appropriatemitigation and bioremediation plans can be implemented.
  2. In ecosystems where fire is a natural periodic event, fire cankill many non-native plant species while leaving native speciesless influenced.
  3. Fire can suppress the growth of competitive dominant plants,such as shrubs and trees, increasing the diversity of certainecosystems.
  4. All answers are correct.
  5. None of the answers are correct.

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in