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beigereindeer647Lv1

28 Sep 2019

2. Which increases fitness: a fitness tradeoff or an adaptation?

6. Which of these would be most likely to have a lot of cell junctions, which increase the structure of a tissue and enable communication? a. Connective tissue b. Epithelial tissue

10. Name some of the special cells or special modifications of epithelial cells.

11. Using an example for illustration, explain the mechanism in feedback regulation

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Sixta KovacekLv2

28 Sep 2019

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1. Kinesin-1 motors can move long distances on microtubule tracks without dissociating. By contrast, myosin II motors in skeletal muscle take only one or a few steps before letting go. What is most likely the difference between these two motors that allow two different types of movement?

A. Differences in length of the stalk of each respective motor allow for differences in step size

B. Differences in ATP versus GTP hydrolysis alter the motor head movement along filaments

C. Actin filaments are smaller in diameter and have less space for movement

D. Binding affinity of the Kinesin-1 motor head to microtubules is high, whereas binding affinity of the myosin II motor head to actin filaments is low

E. Microtubules are larger in diameter and have more space for movement

2. Dynamic instability causes microtubules either to grow or to shrink rapidly. What is the most likely reason for a microtubule to undergo rapid growth?

A. GTP hydrolysis exceeds the rate of heterodimer addition

B. GTP hydrolysis of alpha tubulin causes an outward bend in the heterodimer conformation

C. A low concentration of tubulin heterodimers are in solution

D. Heterodimer addition exceeds the rate of GTP hydrolysis

E. Increased trafficking of microtubule motor proteins favors stability

3. There are no known motor proteins that move on intermediate filaments (IFs). What property of intermediate filaments would most likely explain the lack of motor proteins?

A. Tissue specific expression of IFs prevent a single type of motor protein to evolve over time

B. Lateral bundling of IFs prevent motor movement

C. IFs are less dynamic than microtubules and actin filaments

D. IFs are unpolarized

E. IFs do not bind a nucleotide

4. You discover a mutation that results in less rapid hydrolysis of GTP by the beta-tubulin subunit. What would most likely occur?

A. There would be no change in filament assembly

B. There would be enhanced instability of the microtubule

C. There would be enhanced stability of the microtubule

D. Microtubules would not form

E. There would be enhanced treadmilling

5. Which of the following statements describes common features of cadherins and integrins?

A. They can link to microtubules using specific adapter proteins

B. They mediate heterophillic interactions

C. They achieve high binding affinity through clustering

D. They are responsible for interactions of a cell with the extracellular matrix

E. They are found in the apical plasma membrane of an epithelial cell

6. Intermediate filaments are uniquely non-polar and built by lateral bundling in five steps: 1) synthesis of an alpha-helical monomer, 2) formation of a coiled-coil dimer, 3) formation of a staggered tetramer of two coiled-coil dimers, 4) lateral association of 8 tetramers, and 5) addition of 8 tetramers to a growing filament. At what step is polarity lost?

A. Step 1

B. Step 2

C. Step 3

D. Step 4

E. Step 5

7. Collagenase is an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds in collagen to help destroy extracellular structures. What would be the most likely reason to use collagenase in a cell biology laboratory?

A. Disrupt cadherin interaction with the extracellular matrix

B. Disrupt cell-cell contacts to passage cells in cell culture

C. Dissociate epithelial cells from the underlying basement membrane to separate tissues

D. All of the answers are likely uses for collagenase

E. Lyse cells to expose intracellular proteins and organelles

yellowherring775

1) Which is NOT characteristic of metabolism during theabsorptive state?

a) oxidation of about 50% of the glucose absorbed from a typicalmeal

b) conversion of glucose to glycogen in hepatocytes

c) gluconeogenesis using amino acids

d) glucose not picked up by the liver is converted intotriglycerides.

e) deamination of absorbed amino acids which enteredhepatocytes.

2) In the Krebs cycle, an oxidation-reduction reaction is likelycoupled with a substrate-level phosphorylation. True or False?

3) Glycolysis is an example of oxidative phosphorylation. trueor false?

4)Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a)In the proximal convoluted tubule, sodium ions are reabsorbedthrough the apical membrane by the Na⁺ -glucosesymporters and Na⁺ /H⁺ antiporters

b) In the loop of Henle, Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl^- Symporters reclaim sodium, potassiumand chloride from fluid in the tubule lumen.

c)In the distal convoluted tubule, sodium resorption is mainlyby osmosis

d) In the collecting duct, principle cells absorb sodium.

5) Which of the following might indicated abnormal kidneyfunction?

a)creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min

b)serum creatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter)

c) glucose in the urine

d) creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min and serumcreatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter) are bothcorrect

e)creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min, serumcreatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter), and glucose in theurine are all correct

6) ACE inhibitors can lower blood pressure because inhibitingACE

a) stops the secretion of renin

b) prevents the formation of angiotensin I

c) prevents the formation of angiotensin II

d)increases the secretion of aldosterone

e)prevents norepinephrine from binding alpha 1 receptors onblood vessels

7) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
1. Hydrogen ions are secreted by Na⁺/H⁺antiporters in the proximal tubules.
2. H⁺ATPases (proton pumps) in the collecting ductssecrete hydrogen ions.
3. Cl^-/HCO₃^- antiporters help withhydrogen ion reabsorption.

8) Which of the following is mismatched?

a)Sodium ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by aldosterone, antidiuretichormone, and atrial natriuretic.

b) Chloride ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by chloride ion leakagechannels and antiporters.

c) Potassium ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by aldosterone.

d) Bicarbonate ions ï¿½ Level is controlled mainly by kidneys.

e) Calcium ions ï¿½ Level is regulated by osmosis.

9) Which of the following statements is correct?

a) In the menstrual phase, follicle stimulating hormonestimulates development of secondary follicles in the ovaries andprostaglandins cause loss of the stratum functionalis.

b)In the preovulatory phase, secondary follicles start tosecrete estrogens and inhibin. One becomes a dominant follicle andsecretes estrogens and inhibin causing decreased FSH secretionleading to atresia of less developed follicles. In the uterus, theendometrium undergoes repair under the influence of estrogens.

c)In ovulation, release of luteinizing hormone causes release ofthe secondary oocyte.

d) In the postovulatory phase, progesterone and estrogens aresecreted by the corpus luteum promote thickening of the endometriumpreparing for implantation. If no pregnancy occurs, progesteroneand estrogen levels drop and menstruation occurs.

e) all of these statements are correct

10)The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is associatedwith

a)increased secretion of progesterone and formation of thecorpus albicans.

b)increased secretion of progesterone and formation of thecorpus luteum.

c) increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and rupture of themature follicle.

d)increased secretion of estrogen and maturation of thesecondary follicle

e) increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone andovulation.

11) Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillariesIMMEDIATELY enters the

a) glormerulus

b) proximal convulted tubule

c) collecting duct

d) glomerular capsule

e) loop of henle

12)Which correctly associates structure with tissue type?

a)PCT: simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principle cellsand intercalated cells

b)descending limb and thin ascending limb of nephron loop:simple squamous epithelial cells

c) thick ascending limb of nephron loop: simple cuboidalepithelial cells with prominent brush borders of microvilli

d) DCT: simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells

e) collecting duct: stratified cuboidal epithelial cells

13) Regulation of the volume and osmolarity of body fluidsoccurs first in the

a) proximal convoluted tubules.

b) distal convoluted tubules.

c) loop of Henle.

d) glomerular capsule.

e) collecting ducts.

14) Which is NOT True about podocytes?

a) their pedicels form filtration slits

b) they make up the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

c) they are modified simple squamous epithelial cells

d)all of these choices statements about podocytes are true

15) In the process of forming concentrated urine, symporters inthe loop of Henle cause sodium ions and chloride ions to build upin the renal medulla helping to form the osmotic gradient. ADHincreases reabsorption of water by principal cells in thecollecting ducts.

True or False?

viridianmallard359

[email protected]

Tue 9/19/2017 4:17 PM

To:

[email protected];

Here is the exam review for our next major lecture exam which will be on Monday. Notice that there are a few things missing, such as endochondral ossification. These will be added so just because it does not show up on this exam review doesn't mean you shouldn't study it. That being said, the details of each and every bone which I've gone over in lecture will be on the lab practical rather than the written lecture exam.

Anat 1, Exam 2. Spr 2016 LASC Name:____________________________________________________

1) A synarthrosis: a) is filled with synovial fluid. b) allow for a wide range of movement. c) includes the squamosal suture. d) is exemplified by the shoulder. e) all of the above.

2) Bursae: a) are located in the right atrium. b) are like elastomeric shock absorbers. c) are found in skeletal muscle fibers. d) form the sarcoplasmic reticulum. e) none of the above.

3) Irregular bones: a) can act like cams. b) can provide sites for muscle attachment. c) can protect soft-tissue organs. d) can act as levers. e) all of the above.

4) Condyles: a) are smooth articular surfaces. b) allow blood vessels to enter the bones. c) occur beneath the nail body after an injury. d) are produced by infected sebaceous glands. e) none of the above.

5) A head: a) is where you will find hyaline cartilage. b) is a smooth articular surface. c) is where a bone meshes with another bone. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

6) Which of the following is the proper sequence of things following a bone fracture: a) hematoma, fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling. b) hematoma, bony callus, fibrous callus, remodeling. c) hematoma, remodeling, fibrous callus, bony callus. d) hematoma, remodeling, bony callus, fibrous callus. e) fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling, hematoma.

7) A diaphysis: a) contains yellow bone marrow. b) contain a lot of spongy bone tissue. c) occurs at the ends of long bones. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

8) Short bones: a) protect underlying soft tissue organs. b) include the ribs. c) include the cranial bones of the skull. d) transfer mechanical forces. e) all of the above.

9) Fibrous joints: a) contain cruciate ligaments. b) include the pubic symphysis. c) are typically found in third class levering systems. d) include the lambdoid suture. e) all of the above.

10) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) tibiofibular joint. b) dentino-alveolar joint.
c) intervertebral disc. d) radioulnar articulation. e) cartilage.

11) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) atlanto-occipital joint. b) humero-ulnar joint. c) frontal suture d) acromio-humeral joint. e) tibiotarsal joint.

12) Hyaluronic acid: a) forms the extracellular matrix. b) is found in fibrous joints. c) keeps cartilage soft and pliable. d) is found in synostoses. e) none of the above.

13) First class levers: a) include the tibio-tarsal joint. b) have the effort between the fulcrum and the load. c) are like a teeter-totter. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

14) Synchondroses: a) are typically synovial joints. b) allow for very limited movement. c) include sutures and gomphoses. d) are encased in synovial capsules. e) none of the above.

15) Parallel muscles: a) have long excursions. b) include the abdominal muscles. c) have excellent endurance. d) have low strength. e) all of the above.

16) Sphincteral muscles: a) enclose openings or passageways. b) are used when you talk.
c) surround the eyes. d) include the orbicularis oculi. e) all of the above.

17) Pennate muscle architecture: a) is typified by the pectoralis major. b) have high endurance.
c) generates high strength. d) has a longer excursion. e) all of the above

18) Endomysium: a) consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. b) surrounds each fasciculus.
c) surrounds bundles of muscle cells. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

19) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

20) A tuberosity: a) is a hollow opening. b) is a shallow smooth articular surface. c) is a raised area that adjoins a condyle. d) is a larger outwardly curved articular surface. e) is a raised, rough-textured area.

21) Which of these doesnât belong? a) tuberosity b) trochanter c) condyle d) tubercle e) lunula

22) Epimysium: a) wraps around the entire muscle. b) is made of dense fibrous connective tissue. c) is continuous with tendons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

23) Which of the following is more likely to be an insertion rather than an origin? a) ulna.
b) cervical vertebra. c) thoracic vertebra. d) rib. e) Ischium.

24) Which of the following is more likely to be an origin rather than an insertion? a) clavicle.
b) tibia. c) radius. d) ulna. e) metatarsal.

25) Myofibrils: a) are composed of many muscle fibers. b) are composed of many muscle cells.
c) are composed of many sarcomeres. d) form the endomysium. e) all of the above.

26) Myosin: a) helps keep muscle cells from overstretching. b) is a protein. c) joins thin filaments together. d) forms part of the z-disc. e) all of the above.

27) Sarcolemma: a) surrounds the entire muscle organ. b) surrounds the endomysium.
c) is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. d) surrounds the epimysium. e) none of the above.

28) Thin filaments: a) are made of titin. b) are pulled on by the thick filaments during contraction.
c) create the molecular âpower-strokeâ. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

29) A second class lever: a) is like a wheel barrow. b) is like a teeter-totter. c) describes the humeroulnar joint. d) describes the atlanto-occipital joint. e) none of the above.

30) A sarcomere: a) is the basic unit of muscle function. b) is made mostly of proteins. c) shortens during a contraction. d) delivers an âall or noneâ response. e) all of the above.

31) Fast glycolytic fibers: a) have excellent endurance. b) deliver lots of power.
c) are more reddish in color than oxidative fibers. d) none of the above. e) all of the above.

32) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Vastus lateralus. b) Vastus intermedius. c) Vastus medialis. d) Rectus Femoris. e) Gluteus minimus.

33) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Teres major. b) Teres minor. c) subscapularis.
d) infraspinatus. e) supraspinatus.

34) Tendon sheaths: a) are filled with synovial fluid. b) can be likened to brake and shifter cable sheathing on a bike. c) are found around the carpal bones. d) really make life unpleasant if they get inflamed. e) all of the above.

35) Epithelial tissues: a) function in movement. b) conduct electrical impulses. c) form a structure for attachment of other organs. d) form barriers and walls. e) all of the above.

36) Elastic connective tissue: a) is found in bone. b) lines the inside of the trachea. c)Is found in small blood vessels like capillaries. d) is found in large arteries. e) all of the above.

37) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

38) Dense regular connective tissue: a) is poorly vascularized. b) heals slowly if at all. c) forms tendons and ligaments. d) can look a lot like smooth muscle under the microscope. e) all of the above.

39) Transitional epithelium: a) lines the urinary bladder. b) lines the blood vessels. c) contains cilia. d) joins the epidermis to the dermis. e) none of the above.

40) Skeletal muscle: a) responds to conscious thought. b) is found in the heart. c) is found in the walls of blood vessels and the GI tract. d) is composed of very small cells. e) all of the above.

For the following matching questions, each choice is used only once.

41) Fibroblast a) maintains bone tissue
42) Mast Cell b) secretes mucus
43) Chondrocyte c) responsible for inflammation response
44) Osteocyte d) makes collagen fibers
45) Goblet Cell e) maintains cartilage

For the following true-false questions, mark âAâ for true and âBâ for false.

46) Simple cuboidal epithelium is lines the trachea and Fallopian tubes/oviducts.
47) Elastic cartilage joins the ribs to the sternum.
48) An insertion is the more movable point of muscle attachment.
49) Tendons connect muscle to muscle or bone to bone.
50) Ligaments connect muscle to bone.
51) Transverse tubules allow nutrients to be dispersed throughout very large muscle cells.
52) Muscle twitch occurs when only a few muscle cells in the entire muscle are fully contracted.
53) Slow oxidative fibers have poor strength but excellent endurance.
54) Muscles can lengthen under their own power as well as contract.
55) Pottâs fracture is typical of skateboarders.
56) An incomplete fracture is a complete break through the entire bone.
57) Tetanus is the recruitment of additional fibers during muscle contraction.
58) Menisci are like elastomeric shock absorbers.
59) Diarthrotic joints allow for little to no movement.
60) A belly is the contractile portion of a muscle.
61) Synergistic muscles work with each other.
62) Muscle tissue, like your lab instructorâs evil twin before his morning coffee, is irritable.

redbutterfly464

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