When adolescents reach puberty they also experience changes in the way that they think. Describe Piaget's formal operations stage of cognitive development. Describe Elkind's views on adolescent cognitive development, including the immature thought patterns that can result from an adolescent's inexperience with formal thinking.

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Beverley SmithLv2

28 Sep 2019

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Go to the OMIM database on the NCI portal. Search for PAH, select the first record on the list The following page will appear: Read the initial information Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism resulting from a deficiency of the enzyme PAH (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase). Lack of PAH enzyme activity results in elevated level of phenylalanine. On the other hand, mutations in the PAH gene can also result in a milder disease called hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) characterized by an elevated level of phenylalanine without the cognitive impairment associated with PKU. QUESTIONS

Question 1: Consider two actual DNA mutations found as 2 PAH mutant alleles. a. Mutation # 0017 changes codon 414 from a tyrosine to a cysteine (TYR414CYS). A homozygous genotype leads to HPA. Indicate the type of mutation for 0017 at the DNA level. Identify the class of mutation at the protein level. Based on the disease phenotype, would you expect the mutated protein to be partially functional or non-functional? (I think it is functional..? http://www.omim.org/entry/612349) Explain your reasoning briefly b. . Mutation #0018 is a mutation that changes the splice site of intron 4 (IVS4). Explain the consequence of mutation 0018 at the level of transcription of the gene, splicing and protein synthesis. Homozygous 0018 leads to PKU phenotype Question 3: Assume an individual heterozygote for 0017/0018. ?Which special term is used to describe a heterozygote with two different mutant alleles - Compound heterozygote Where along the dominance-recessivity scale would the phenotype of this individual falls in relation to the phenotype of the two mutant homozygotes? Explain briefly.

Answer the following question. To support your answers, use examples from your own experience and references to texts you have read.
Three high school students are being evaluated by health care providers at a drug rehabilitation clinic for adolescents. Hector, a 15- year-old boy, appears agitated and restless. He tells his health care provider that he is having muscle spasms. Upon examination, the care provider notes that Hector has a rapid heart rate and a dangerously high blood pressure. Carolyn, a 16-year-old girl, is being reassessed following a visit to the emergency room last night. According to the ER records, Carolyn was at a party with her friends when she suddenly had a seizure. Her records also document that she has an abnormal heart rate upon submission. Dante, a 14-year-old boy, was also admitted to the ER the night before. Dante's parents found him lying on the couch in a deep sleep. When they could not arouse their son, they rushed him to the hospital where he experienced a convulsion. Later that night, Dante's parents discovered medication hidden in his room that his mother had used earlier, following major surgery.

1. What type of drug do you think Hector might be using?
2. What long-term problems can this type of drug cause?
3. What drug likely caused Carolyn's seizure and abnormal heart rhythm?
4. How do users obtain the most drastic "high" using this drug?
5. What drug might have caused Dante's symptoms?
6. Do you think the drug Dante used is legal or illegal, or does it depend on the circumstances? Explain your answer.

1. Human papilloma virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HPV-1 & HPV-2) both cause benign skin warts. Explain the likely outcome of the following two scenarios and explain in detail why you expect these outcomes. In both scenarios, a person is infected with HPV-1 in January 2012, develops a skin wart which resolves (disappears) without treatment by December 2012. Scenario 1: The same person is re-infected with HPV-1 in January 2013. Scenario 2: the same person is infected with HPV-2 in January 2013.

2. Why do herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1 or HSV-2) infections recur at or near the site of the original infection? Why is HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection not eliminated from the body when the symptoms of the initial infection subside? Explain both answers in detail.

3. Describe the mechanisms responsible for antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza virus. Which mechanism is responsible for the yearly changes in influenza virus and which may create strains of influenza virus that result in pandemics?

4. What organism causes syphilis? How can it be treated and prevented? Describe the stages of syphilis including the order in which they appear and the symptoms of each stage.

5. Name and describe in detail the three stages of disease caused by HIV infection in the order in which they occur. What defines the beginning and end of each stage and what events occur to cause the transitions from each stage to the next?

6. Name and describe the five modes of action of antibacterial drugs. Give an example of a drug that works by each mode of action and state whether it is broad or narrow spectrum and/or suited for treatment of Gram negative or Gram positive infections.

7. Explain the mechanism of action of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Why does it not harm uninfected cells?

8. Name and describe one of the seven most common neglected tropical diseases. Describe the organism that causes the disease, the symptoms, drugs used to treat it and the approximate number of people affected. Why is it necessary to treat the entire population in a geographic region rather than just those suffering symptoms in order to prevent new infections?

9. Describe and explain the causes of rheumatic fever. Why is it important for patients to complete the dose of antibiotics prescribed for "strep throat"?

10. What organism causes Lyme disease? How is it transmitted to humans and why is it most prevalent in parts of New England and the northern Midwest? Describe the possible long-term sequelae of Lyme disease.

11. Describe the five stages of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Which stages are seen in asymptomatic infected individuals and which are found in people that have active infectious tuberculosis?

12. Describe the six stages of rabies virus infection and pathology including the common sources of infection in the USA. Explain why fatal disease can be prevented by vaccination after infection.

13. Describe the four mechanisms by which bacteria can become resistant to antibacterial drugs. Describe two ways bacteria may be genetically modified to achieve drug resistance naturally.

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