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Common elements that occur in many signal transduction pathways include which of the following?

A. Specialized domains mediate specific interactions in the pathway.

B. Second messengers may participate.

C. Cell division is usually the result.

D. Specialized domains mediate specific interactions in the pathway, and second messengers may participate.

E. All of the answers are correct.

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Lelia Lubowitz
Lelia LubowitzLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Decide whether each of these statements is true or false, andthen explain why.


A. Like the lumen of the ER, the interior of the nucleus istopologically equivalent to the outside of the cell.

B. Membrane bound and free ribosomes, which are structurally andfunctionally identical, differ only in the proteins they happen tobe making at a particular time.

C. To avoid the inevitable congestion that would occur iftwo-way traffic through a single pore were allowed, nuclear porecomplexes are specialized so that some mediate import while othersmediate export.

D. The TOM complex is required for the import of allnucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins.

E. There is no fundamental distinction between signalingmolecules that bind to cell surface receptors and those that bindto intracellular receptors.

F. All small intracellular mediators (second messengers) arewater soluble and diffuse freely through the cytosol.

a) Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is INCORRECT?

A The preganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic division are usually long compared to the postganglionic fibres

B The sympathetic division mediates responses that allow the body to respond to ‘flight and fright’ situations

C The ganglia of the sympathetic division are usually close to the spinal cord

b) Glutamate is an example of an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts via direct synaptic transmission when it is released from presynaptic neurons in the brain

Based on the background information, which of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding events at the synaptic cleft after glutamate is released?

A Glutamate acts by stimulation of receptors on the presynaptic neuron

B The postsynaptic glutamate receptors are in the family of tyrosine-kinase linked receptors

C On the postsynaptic membrane, glutamate activates ligand-gated sodium channels, which are an example of ion-channel linked receptors

D The events at this synapse are an example of electrical transmission

E The pathway of receptor activation includes activation of a signal transduction pathway and production of second messengers

D The adrenal medulla is a sympathetic ganglion

E The parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

During neural development, outgrowing nerve cell axons must interact with their cellular environment in order to determine correct organization and connectivity. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are prominent one pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate the signaling necessary to ensure correct targeting of these nerve axons.

a) How is a cell adhesion transmembrane protein sorted/translocated initially so that it will be inserted into the plasma membrane as a type I membrane protein? [Hint: Describe the specific steps that a type I transmembrane protein will go through in the RER for insertion into the membrane].

b) The binding of cell surface receptor to its ligand is the 1st step in a signal transduction pathway which ultimately results in the activation of many cytoplasmic proteins in a step-wise fashion. Explain 2 reasons why this method of signaling is advantageous for a cell.

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