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Question #06: Basic functions of Renal, CV and Respiratory Systems The question for this week is as follows: Name the physiological responses and/or the relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems involved in the homeostatic control following a metabolic acidosis. It is an absolute requirement that you answer this question based on the outline below. Precede each section of your answer with its heading, and make sure you answer ALL aspects outlined in each section. Hint: for this question you really have to think on “the circle”. The following are the section headings and their requirements: a) the example: which are the physiological responses and/or relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems on which your answer will be based. Which was the origin of the metabolic acidosis in your example. Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example and the level(s) of organization your example will involve. b) the buffer involvement: how does the buffer system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the buffer system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. c) the respiratory involvement: how does the respiratory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the respiratory system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. d) the circulatory involvement: how does the circulatory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the cardiovascular system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. e) the renal involvement: how does the renal system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the renal system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. f) the integration pathways: how (the sensor, afferent, integrator, efferent, effector and feedback signals) and in which order (buffers, respiratory, cardiovascular, kidney) were the physiological systems involved, and recruited to participate in the homeostatic response to a metabolic acidosis. The most important component of this answer is: Why do you think such a sequential order in this homeostatic response was achieved? Please notice that this subquestion does NOT ask you to tell me what is the order, but it asks why that order occurred.

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Reid Wolff
Reid WolffLv2
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Question #06: Basic functions of Renal, CV and Respiratory Systems The question for this week is as follows: Name the physiological responses and/or the relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems involved in the homeostatic control following a metabolic acidosis. It is an absolute requirement that you answer this question based on the outline below. Precede each section of your answer with its heading, and make sure you answer ALL aspects outlined in each section. Hint: for this question you really have to think on “the circle”. The following are the section headings and their requirements: a) the example: which are the physiological responses and/or relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems on which your answer will be based. Which was the origin of the metabolic acidosis in your example. Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example and the level(s) of organization your example will involve. b) the buffer involvement: how does the buffer system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the buffer system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. c) the respiratory involvement: how does the respiratory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the respiratory system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. d) the circulatory involvement: how does the circulatory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the cardiovascular system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. e) the renal involvement: how does the renal system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the renal system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. f) the integration pathways: how (the sensor, afferent, integrator, efferent, effector and feedback signals) and in which order (buffers, respiratory, cardiovascular, kidney) were the physiological systems involved, and recruited to participate in the homeostatic response to a metabolic acidosis. The most important component of this answer is: Why do you think such a sequential order in this homeostatic response was achieved? Please notice that this subquestion does NOT ask you to tell me what is the order, but it asks why that order occurred.

a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

Question #05: CV Integration and the Respiratory System The question for this week is as follows: Select a position on the question “how good an athlete is the horse”. Do you think the respiratory limitations of this specie (e.g. pulmonary hypertension, exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage or EIPH) are expression of physiological compensation for a fit athlete, or are they manifestation of a system being “run down to the ground in a very stressed athlete”? Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question both the structure and the function you are asked to select must be related to the EIPH syndrome. Hint: think on “the circle”.
a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

Question #02: Membrane and Homeostasis / related events The question for this week is as follows: Select a homeostatic event and/or physiological system in which you can show the importance of structure/function relationship, organization levels, and feedback control. Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question you select both the structure and the function on which your answer will be based. Hint: think on “the circle”.
a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

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