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- Given what you know about the mechanisms of phagocytosis, what kind of chemical inhibitor do you think would work best to disrupt that process? What cellular feature would ideally be targeted by a phagocytosis-preventing drug?

- The mechanisms of phagocytosis and macropinocytosis share a number of molecular features. Inexercises, how do you know which process the macrophage is doing?

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Reid Wolff
Reid WolffLv2
28 Sep 2019

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What you have to do:

Your task for this activity will be to compare and contrast thelocomotor strategies of the following three hominin species:Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis and Homo erectus.You will accomplish this by answering the following questions.Before you begin make sure view all relevant reading material sothat you can give me informed opinions.

1. Which hominin had the best arboreal capabilities? Make sureyou explain your answer by talking about only one feature thatbacks up your claim. Choose only one feature from the lowerextremities (Legs and feet).

2. Which hominin was the first to have feet that are effectivefor habitual bipedalism? Briefly explain what makes their feet moreeffective for bipedalism when compared to previous hominins.

3. Which hominin had the best anatomy for running on two legs?Briefly explain how you would know and tell me about two specificskeletal features that suggest that your chosen species was runningon two legs.

4. Lastly, I would like you to give a short summary of thenotable evolutionary changes in locomotor strategy (the way thatyou move around) that you notice occur over time among thesespecies Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis and Homoerectus.

Briefly describe/define the following experimental techniques.Research the technique using Internet, textbooks, or any othermaterial. The idea is to get familiar with the set of tools used tomeasure or visualize gene expression in cells, tissues, ororganisms - we'll be talking about these techniques a lot in thiscourse.

While you are doing this, think carefully about what kind ofinformation about gene expression can andcannot be gained when using the techniques you areresearching. In your description, don't concern yourself with minorexperimental details, but focus on what you can find out with thehelp of a given technique. What kind of questions can be answeredif you apply it?

Imagine that you would like to know 1) when the gene isexpressed, 2) which cells/tissues it is expressed in, 3) at whatlevels it is expressed, and 4) also would like to have thisinformation for both kinds of typical gene products (i.e. RNAs andproteins).

  • Think about what kind of a gene product can bemeasured/visualized using this particular technique. Would you getinformation about the gene expression at the RNA level or at theprotein level?
  • What do you need to have (in terms of the most criticalreagents or knowledge/information) in order to use thistechnique?
  • Is the technique appropriate for determining where the gene isexpressed, when it is expressed, or both?
  • Will it be informative if you use it for very smallorganisms/embryos in which you cannot easily separate cells?
  • Can it be used to determine subcellular localization of aprotein or RNA (for example to determine if the protein localizesto the nucleus or to the plasma membrane?).

QUESTION:

  1. Immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescentstaining

Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

What are the products of cellular respiration?

What does pyruvate do?

The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called what?

If ATP accumulates in a cell, what happens?

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because the drug inhibits what?

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s).

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in what?

Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?

What is an example of a photoautotroph?

What is the origin of chloroplasts?

In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called what?

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from what?

What is the use and production of CO2 in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Know the parts of the chloroplast. Which structure in the chloroplast represents the thylakoid membrane?

What molecules are reactants of photosynthesis?

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

Why are most plants green?

Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

What is called the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg?

How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes?

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures are called what?

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?

What occurs during interphase?

What is the process called by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells?

What is the phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form?

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form?

What feature of plant cell division distinguishes it from animal cell division?

What features likely accounts for the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis?

What must occur for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally?

Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by what type of alleles?

What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes?

What are the individual features of all organisms?

What does the chromosome theory of inheritance state?

What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?

The sex chromosome complement of a normal human female is what?

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?

What is the gene located on a sex chromosome called?

Why are sex-linked conditions more common in men than in women?

Chapter 12: DNA Technology and Genomics

How long has Biotechnology been around?

What do restriction enzymes do?

What are "Sticky ends"?

What is the best definition of a genomic library?

What is a nucleic acid probe?

The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are what?

How does a vaccine work?

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their what?

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