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Mannose, galactose, and fructose all enter glycolysis at either the first or the third step of the pathway. Which of the following accurately states the advantage of this design?

Mannose, galactose, and fructose all enter glycolysis at either the first or the third step of the pathway. Which of the following accurately states the advantage of this design?

This prevents the buildup of lactate.
This allows the metabolism of these sugars to be regulated.
This allows for the sugars to be converted into glucose.
This allows for more ATP to be made per sugar.

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Patrina Schowalter
Patrina SchowalterLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

1. Pyruvic acid is produced in __________, and is the starting point for __________.

a. the Krebs cycle; the electron transport chain .

b. The Prep step; Glycolysis.

c. The Krebs cycle; Glycolysis.

d. The electron transport chain; The Prep step.

e. Glycolysis; The Prep step.

2. Which process enables glycolysis to continue to run by generating needed reactants without oxygen?

a. Aerobic respiration

b. Electron transport chain

c. Krebs cycle

d. Fermentation

e. All of the above

3. When water is oxidized by green plants, what is produced?

a. oxygen

b. carbon dioxide

c. sulfur granules

d. hydrogen sulfide

4. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons

a. return to chlorophyll in PS I.

b. are used to make ATP & NADPH.

c. are energized in both PSI and PSII.

d. are converted to glucose.

5. In the Calvin-benson cycle:

a. oxygen is used to synthesize sugars.

b. carbon dioxide is used to synthesize

sugars.

c. ATP is formed.

d. light is required.

6. Light dependent reaactions:

a. capture the energy of sunlight with chlorophyll in PS I & PS II

b. make ATP & NADPH using electron transport chains

c. energize electrons in both PSI & PSII

d. include both cyclic and noncyclic pathways

e. all of the above

7. The five-carbon sugars of nucleotides are

derived from either the ______ or ______.

a.pentose phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway

b. pentose phosphate pathway; the Krebs cycle

c. Entner-Doudoroff pathway; glycolysis

d. glycolysis; the Krebs cycle

8. The pentose phosphate pathway provides a means to break down glucose and synthesize

a. DNA

b. six-carbon sugars.

c. peptidoglycan

d. galactose.

You are the senior biochemist for NextGenSugar Inc., who make artificial sugars. They have generated several sugar analogs, but they donҀ™t know anything about their metabolism. You are tasked with determining how these analogs will contribute to metabolism and whether they will kill people.

At your disposal is radioactive labeled (radio-labeled) sugar analogs, mammalian cells that grow in growth medium that you can supplement with these sugars and incubators that allow you to control oxygen availability. The first class of compounds you distinguish are those that can enter cells and those that cannot. This is based on incubating cells with sugar analogs and seeing if the cells picked up radioactivity; no radioactivity meant that particular analog was not a substrate for GLUT1 transporter.

Using the following data, determine which enzymes were unable to utilize the particular sugar analogs and the step of the pathway(s) that is inhibited.

1:

After setting the oxygen levels to 0 in the incubator, you incubate the cells with media containing only individual sugar analogs alone. Of the 55 compounds tested 30 result in all the cells dying. The remaining 25 successfully went through which pathway?

If these 25 analogs were radio-labeled, what radio-labeled chemical would be found in the media?

2:

Of the 30 compounds that resulted in cell death, 1 was incubated with glucose in the media and caused increased consumption of the glucose, though still little metabolism of the analog. Describe a scenario where this would be the result. Which enzyme is this sugar analog a substrate for and which is it not?

3: You now test the 25 compounds that allowed survival without oxygen in a full oxygen environment. 1 compound, while allowing for full ATP synthesis and cell survival, never allowed cells to divide or grow. What pathway was this analog incapable of participating in. Briefly describe the biochemical and cellular consequences that arose in this situation that led to the observed phenotypes (survival w/o division or growth).

(BIOCHEMISTRY QUESTION)

A. Gluconeogenesis is not just the reverse of glycolysis. Briefly describe one of the steps catalyzed by different enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

B. Explain how a biochemist might dicover that a certain enzyme is allosterically regulated.

C. What are the regulatory implications for the cell with regard to ATP & AMP, given the relative concentrations of ATP & AMP in a cell?

D. Describe the function of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in overriding the control of gycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver cells in response to lowered blood glucose levels.

E. The human disease beriberi is caused by a deficiency of thiamine in the diet. People with severe beriberi have higher than normal levels of pyruvate in their blood & urine. Explain this observation in terms of specific enzymatic reaction(s).

My Responses: Could you tell me if these are correct? If not, could you provide the correct answer and explanation?

A. Its a cellular process in which glucose is produced from pyruvate, amino acids, lactate, and other biogenic precursors.

B. They might learn that an enzyme is allosterically regulated if that protein or enzyme undergoes a conformational change modulated by the binding of one or more modulators/effectors to alternate sites on the protein, resulting in a change in its activity. And they usually have more than one polypeptide chain.

C. The regulatory implications for the cell would be that all activity would increase and concentrations would go up unless bound to PFK-1 and then the overall activity would drop.

D. Low blood glucose is when glucagon signals the liver to produce and release more glucose (gluconeogenesis) and stop consumption. Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate mediates rapid hormonal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

E. Pyruvate is the product of both carbohydrate and amino acid catabolism that enters cellular respiration in the mitochondria when converted to acetyl-CoA catalyzed by the PDH complex. The first step in the PDH complex reaction is a decarboxylation reaction that cannot be catalyzed without the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). This coenzyme is a derivative of thiamine or vitamin B1.

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