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4. Fetal hemoglobin binds 2,3-BPG with a lower affinity than adult hemoglobin. Briefly explain your answers.

a) Will fetal hemoglobin have more or less 2,3-BPG bound than the mother's hemoglobin?

b) Will the O2 saturation curve for fetal hemoglobin be shifted to the right or to the left from the curve for adult hemoglobin?

c) Will fetal hemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for O2 than the mother's hemoglobin?

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Related questions

Normal adult hemoglobin is called Hemoglobin A (Hb A). Ninety-eight percent of adult hemoglobin is Hb A and 2% is Hb A2. There are other forms of hemoglobin. For example, the developing fetus has a different kind of hemoglobin than most normal adults. Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) is synthesized beginning at the third month of gestation and continues up through birth. After the neonate is born, hemoglobin F synthesis declines (because synthesis of the (chain declines) and hemoglobin A is synthesized. By the time the baby is six months old, 98% of its hemoglobin is Hemoglobin A. There is also a mutant form of hemoglobin called Hemoglobin S, which is found in persons with the disease sickle cell anemia. The disease sickle cell anemia is one of the major health problems facing the African-American community. The World Health Organization estimates that 250,000 babies world wide are born with sickle cell anemia. Currently there is no cure. A person afflicted with sickle cell anemia has inherited a defective gene from each parent. The defective gene is the one coding for the β-chain. The amino acid at position 6 on each β chain has been mutated from a glutamate to a valine. Normal α chains have a decreased affinity for the mutated β chains; thus assembly of the HbS tetramer is more difficult. Red blood cells containing HbS form a sickle shape because the Hb S molecules polymerize. Hb S molecules are more likely to polymerize when in the deoxygenated T form than in the oxygenated R form. The polymerized Hb deforms the normal discoid shape of the red blood cells, producing a sickle-shaped cell. The sickle shaped red blood cells become trapped in capillaries and organs, depriving the victim of adequate oxygen supply and causing chronic pain and organ damage.

Glover, R. E., Ivy, E. D., Orringer, E. P., Maeda, H., and Mason, R. (1999) Molecular Pharmacology 55, pp. 1006-1010.

Huang, J., Hadimani, S. B., Rupon, J. W., Ballas, S. K., Kim-Shapiro, D. B., and S. Bruce King (2002) Biochemistry 41, pp. 2466-2474.

S. Bruce King (2003) J.Clin. Invest., 111, pp. 171-172.

1) Why do you think Hb S has higher tendency to polymerize compared to Hb A?

In deep sea vents, you find a new species of worm that has a hemoglobin-like molecule with several important changes. They are: 1) There are no histidines in the molecule; all seemingly have been replaced by cysteine, and 2) instead of being a tetramer, this hemoglobin is a heptamer. From these data, please answer the following two questions.4

29) Which of the following statements about the oxygen saturation of this new hemoglobin is true?

A) The saturation curve will be steeper than human hemoglobin

B) The saturation curve will not be as steep as human hemoglobin

C) The saturation curve should look like human hemoglobin

D) The saturation curve should look like human myoglobin

30) You find the Bohr effect still applies to this new hemoglobin. Which of the following is most likely the internal pH of these worms?

A) 3.5

B) 6.0

C) 8.5

D) All of these answers are reasonable

E) This scenario contains no information for me to even make a stab at answering this ludicrous question

I need answers to these 2 questions please. Thanks

1) About 20% of the carbon dioxide that is produced in the tissues (from burning fuel) is transported on the hemoglobin molecule.

A. How is carbon dioxide transported on hemoglobin?

B. How many carbon dioxide molecules can bind to each hemoglobin molecule?

C. How does the other 80% of carbon dioxide move from the tissue in the lungs?

2) During hyperventilation too much carbon dioxide leaves the lungs. What effect will this have on the function of hemoglobin? Will the hemoglobin deliver more or less oxygen to the tissues? Explain your answer.

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