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1-Give some examples of how selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation have acted on populations or species in the past. Try to think of at least one human and one nonhuman example. Why do you think genetic drift might be important to endangered species today?

2- Sickle-cell anemia is frequently described as affecting only Africans or people of Africa descent; it’s considered a “racial” disease that doesn’t affect other populations. How would you explain to someone that this view is wrong?

3- If two people with blood type A, both with the AO genotype, have children, what proportion of their children will be expected to have blood O? Why? Can these two parents have a child with AB blood? Why or why not?

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Beverley Smith
Beverley SmithLv2
28 Sep 2019

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1-Give some examples of how selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation have acted on populations or species in the past. Try to think of at least one human and one nonhuman example. Why do you think genetic drift might be important to endangered species today?

Q1. What are alleles?Different forms of the same gene.Different genes.The different characteristics of an organism.Genes found only in humans.Q2. If you add up the frequency of homozygotes + the frequency of heterozygotes for one gene (i.e. at one locus) in a population, what number do you get?Q3. People who are heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele:Are susceptible to malaria but not sickle-cell anemia.Are susceptible to sickle-cell anemia but not malaria.Are not susceptible to either sickle-cell anemia or malaria.Are susceptible to both sickle-cecell anemia and malaria.Q4. In the case study in this lab, which genotype is represented by "2pq" in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?Homozygous HbAHomozygous HbSHeterozygous HbA/HbSNo specific genotypeQ5. Suppose that, in an isolated village, the proportion of individuals that have sickle-cell anemia is 0.1 (or 1 of every 10 people). What proportion of the population should be sickle-cell carriers, according to Hardy-Weinberg expectations?Q6. When you simulated the elimination of malaria at the beginning of the lab, once the allele frequencies stabilized, what was the frequency of the HbA allele?Q7. When you investigated regional differences, what was the frequency (over many generations) of the HbS allele in the village in the "slightly wet" part of Africa?Q8. What is the number of deaths due to sickle-cell anemia in a region without mosquitoes expected to be?Very lowVery highModerateRelated to the frequency of malaria allelesQ9. As long as there are multiple alleles of a gene in a population, why will the frequencies of the alleles always change over time?Because natural selection changes all allele frequencies in populations over time.Because genetic drift causes random fluctuations of allele frequencies in populations.Because diseases will eliminate some of the alleles, generating fluctuations in their frequencies.Because allele frequencies fluctuate before the alleles eventually become fixed.Q10. Imagine a huge population with a gene that has ten functionally equivalent, neutral alleles. A small but genetically representative group of individuals from the big population is transported to an island, forming a small population. Which of the statements below best describes what will likely happen over time, and why?Because natural selection doesn't act on neutral alleles, the frequencies in the two populations should remain the same over time.Genetic drift will cause one allele to first become fixed in the island population, and later to become fixed in the original, large population.Genetic drift will result in the allele frequencies of the two populations diverging over time, with alleles being lost sooner in the island population.The allele frequencies of the two populations will change similarly due to a combination of genetic drift natural selection.

Please do not answer unless you plan on answering all parts of the question. Thank you very much. I really appreciate your help.

1a. (2 pts) Pandas use their thumb to strip off bamboo leaves, a main staple of their diet. A panda would be much better off with a human thumb, which is much more versatile than the panda’s. Why then does the panda have an inferior thumb?

b. (2 pts) Why do some species of blind cave-dwelling fish have eyes? A million years into the future, do you expect these blind cave fish still have eyes? Why or why not?

c. (2 pts) In some fictional breeds of dog, tail length is correlated with eye color (long tailed animals typically have brown eyes; short tailed one have black eyes). I notice in feral populations of these dogs and individuals tend to mate assortatively on the basis tail length. If I examine the genetic underpinnings of eye color, should I expect to find this variation to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

d. (2 pts) Why is blending inheritance antithetical to the theory of natural selection?

e. (2 pts) Mendelian traits are discrete, discontinuous, but most of the variation – think, human height – we see in nature is continuous. How is it possible to reconcile these two observations?

f. (3 pts) In most cases in which the genetic basis of industrial melanism has been analyzed, the melanic colour pattern has been found to be due to a single dominant allele. In one study of a polluted area around Birmingham, UK, Kettlewell observed a frequency of 87% melanic Biston betularia. Assume that the population is now in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and estimate the frequency of the dominant allele leading to melanism in this population, and the proportion of melanics that are heterozygous.

g. (2 pts) As populations crash in response to hunting and environmental degradation, endangered species are in danger of inbreeding. Explain why this is a problem.

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