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If testosterone increases both protein synthesis and the number of satellite cells, muscle growth would be increased via:

i) ________________________________ of muscle fibers, and ii) ____________________________ of muscle fibers.

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Keith Leannon
Keith LeannonLv2
28 Sep 2019

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9-A skeletal muscle develops from the fusion of large number of myoblasts (embryonic muscle forming stem cells). Growth and enlargement of muscles is called________________________ which results from the increase in number of muscle fibers/ activity myosatellite cells persisting in skeletal muscles.

3. a) The neurotransmitter that is responsible for “communication” at the neuromuscular junction between motor nerve cells and skeletal muscle fibers is acetylcholine (ACh). The ACh receptor protein is a channel that opens when ACh binds. Upon the opening of this channel, the membrane at the motor end plate region of the muscle cell becomes depolarized, resulting in the generation of an action potential in the muscle fiber membrane. The ACh receptor channel is equally permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. Explain how opening a channel that allows both potassium and sodium to cross the membrane results in membrane depolarization. (2 points)

b) In normal individuals, a single end-plate potential (EPP) is always sufficient to elicit an action potential (and hence contraction) in a skeletal-muscle fiber. This is not the case in individuals suffering from myasthenia gravis (MG). MG is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced that attack the AChRs at skeletal-muscle endplates reducing their number. Patients suffering from the disease present with significant muscle weakness. Explain why patients with MG would exhibit muscle weakness. (2 points)

c) Treatment strategies for myasthenia gravis include thymectomy (removing the source of the antibody producing cells) or immunosuppressant drug therapy (inhibiting the synthesis and release of the antibodies). In addition, the drug neostigmine administered at carefully monitored doses is highly effective in treating myasthenia gravis. Investigate the actions of neostigmine, and discuss in detail why it may be an effective treatment. (2 points)

1.A researcher alters the DNA-binding domain of a glucocorticoid receptor to that of an estrogen receptor. How would the cells respond to exposure to glucocorticoids?

a. They would bind estrogen, and initiate estrogen-dependent synthesis

b. They would bind glucocorticoids, and initiate testosterone-dependent synthesis

c. They would bind estrogen, and initiate testosterone-dependent synthesis

d. They would bind glucocorticoids, and initiate estrogen-dependent synthesis

e. They would bind neither hormone

2. All of the following statements about mitochondria are valid except:

a. The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is more like a eukaryotic cell plasma membrane.

b. The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is more like a prokaryotic outer membrane.

c. Mitochondria have ribosomes that are a different size from those in the rest of the cell.

d. Mitochondria have their own DNA that encodes very few proteins.

e. Mitochondria store Calcium ions

3.The unique length-tension relationship of muscle is due to:

a. the limit on the amount of ATP the muscle can produce.

b. the fact that tension is proportional to the amount of overlap between actin fibers and myosin heads

. c. the ability of kinesin to move along filaments.

d. the limit imposed on cross-sectional area of muscle in organisms.

e. the shortening of actin filaments.

4.The enzyme “Flippase” causes the flip-flop of dolichol phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other as part of the process leading to:

a. binding of a receptor by a ligand

b. glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins

c. transfer of proteins to the golgi apparatus.

d. membrane fusion during secretion

e. formation of coated vesicles

5. What do the photosystems of a chloroplast capture from the splitting of water during the light reactions?

a. ATP

b. Protons

c. electrons

d. neutrons

e. oxygen

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