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Antennae in insects are found only on the head segments. A mutation is known in the red flour beetle Tibolium castaneum in which all body segments bear antennae. Assuming that similar genes control the development of all insects, what general category of gene is likely to be responsible for this mutant phenotype?

Give an example of a phenotype in a vertebrate that is caused by mutation of Hox genes.

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Deanna Hettinger
Deanna HettingerLv2
28 Sep 2019
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QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

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QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

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A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

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A). Axolotls maturing in water with high concentration of TH (thyroxine; T4) metamorphose into a terrestrial form.

B). A genome-wide scan of both the axolotl and its sister species found a large reduction in the number of mRNA transcripts that regulate the production of TH.

C). Adding TH (thyroxine; T4) to the water in which axolotl individuals are reared causes them to remain in a larval stage.

D). Most salamander species produce a burst of TH when they move from water to land.

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B). Homeotic genes show that insects and vertebrates are closer relatives than the traditional classification system indicates.

C). Homeotic genes of different animal lineages might be ordered in a similar fashion, yet their sequences are completely different.

D). The similar ordering of homeotic genes in animals, both vertebrate and insect, is due to ancient homology.

3). Which of the following correctly defines "homeotic genes"?

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C). Homeotic genes are "master-switch" genes that control other genes in a set sequence and thereby affect cell size, shape, division, and the positioning of the cells within the organism.

D). Homeotic genes are DNA sequences that turn on, but not off, the expression of other genes and are controlled by "master-switch" genes.

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A). hypermorphosis

B). acceleration

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D). ontogeny

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B). If a dominant allele has a negative effect on the fitness of hybrids, it will always be expressed in the heterogametic hybrids that possess that allele because they only need one copy of the respective sex chromosome.

C). If a recessive allele linked to a sex chromosome has a negative effect on the fitness of hybrids, that allele will always be expressed in the heterogametic hybrids that possess that allele because they only have one copy of the sex chromosome that carries the allele.

D). If a recessive allele linked to a sex chromosome has a positive effect on the fitness of hybrids, that allele will never be expressed in the heterogametic hybrids that possess that allele because they only have one copy of the sex chromosome that carries the allele.

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B). postzygotic

C). prezygotic

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A). allopatric speciation with the vicariance model

B). sympatric speciation

C). allopatric speciation with the peripheral isolate model

D). sympatric speciation with the ring species model

8). Which of the following defines Haldane's rule and its predictions?

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B). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is always female.

C). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is heterogametic (has two different sex chromosomes).

D). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is homogametic (has two of the same sex chromosomes).

8.) Which of the following statements best explains secondary reinforcement?

A). If the reproductive isolating mechanisms that developed during the geographic isolation are strong but the hybrids have higher fitness than the parent species, then the speciation process will cease.

B). If the reproductive isolating mechanisms that developed during the geographic isolation are somewhat weak but the hybrids between two populations have lower fitness, then the speciation process may continue.

C). If the reproductive isolating mechanisms that developed during the geographic isolation are sufficiently weak as to allow free interbreeding across reunited populations, then the speciation process will halt and a single species will remain.

D). When geographic isolation comes to an end, two populations always complete the divergence process and become separate species.

Based on your success with “fakeprotein” kidney disease, you start looking at other illnesses linked to the FP gene. It turns out that while there are no other human diseases known to be linked to it, there is a disease called Krazy Koala Syndrome and the KKS gene turns out to be very similar to FP in humans. The afflicted Koala’s jump out of trees and attack the much larger animals for no reason, dying very young. When the brains of these Koala;s are evaluated, the have the spongiform character of Mad Cow Disease brains. This is typically caused by aggregates of the protein forming. Like before, there are normal KKS/FP proteins in other tissues. The KKS pre-mRNA looks like this:

Ca2+ bind dimerization Protease

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The dark blocks are exons and the light blocks are introns. In normal Koala’s, you find only the full length protein (all 3 exons) in most cells, but in neurons you only find the 1st and 2nd exons. In KKS Koala’s you find a mix of the two proteins in neurons, but only the full length everywhere else.

A. There are two possible ways that alternative splicing can result in the formation of these two isoforms. What are they? What does each predict about the mutation that might be responsible for the phenotype?

B. Give an example of an experiment to test for one of these explanations. Describe what result would support the hypothesis.

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