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Write an 1800 words research paper on How does newer research on Neanderthals change our previous understanding of how they went extinct?in MLA format with citations. Explain about their molecular connection with homo sapiens, the effect of the appearance of homo sapience and effect of climate in their extinction.

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Irving Heathcote
Irving HeathcoteLv2
28 Sep 2019

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For years we have been able to analyze the fossils of extincthumans like those of Neanderthals. Their bones gave us clues to howthey looked, how they lived, and how they might be related to us.In the last few years, we have been able to get a better view intothese extinct species and their relationship to our species. Thanksto next generation genomic sequencing technologies, we have beenable to obtain genetic data on Neanderthals, Denisovans and othersthat have allowed us to make direct comparisons between our speciesand theirs. In addition, we have been able to observe the presenceof DNA from these extinct species within our own genomes which tellus that we had kids with these now extinct humans.

If we take Neanderthal DNA as an example, we find that we share99.5 percent of our DNA with them. Which means that we andNeanderthals were separated from each other for more than 500,000years. This also means that we were genetically similar enough tobe able to have offspring with each other. We see evidence of thisgenetic introgression between us and Neanderthals when we look atour DNA. Interestingly, if we obtain one thousand DNA samples fromGrossmont College students, we estimate that we would be able toextract at least 20% of the Neanderthal genome from them. Thismeans that 20% of our collective nucleotide sequences are sharedwith Neanderthals but this doesn’t mean that 20% of our genes areNeanderthal specific genes. Of the twenty-one thousand genes thatNeanderthals had, only a few dozen of their genes survive withinour genome. The same holds true for Denisovans. What is moreinteresting is that older versions of ourselves have a tendency tohave higher levels of DNA from extinct humans compared toourselves. In other words, over the course of thousands of years wehave been slowly weeding out the DNA of the other humans from ourgenome in favor of our genes.

One basic question that we might like to ask is why have we beenlosing Neanderthal and Denisovan genes over time? Also, why do westill have a significant amount of DNA segments that don’t seem tobe going anywhere? The answer to this has to do with selection.

The answer to the first part of the question has to do with thefact that we were not fully genetically compatible with the otherhuman species to begin with. Basically, to have had Neanderthal orDenisovan genes in the past meant that an individual's level offitness was reduced. To get rid of their genes in favor of our ownwould mean that the relative fitness of individuals would increaseovertime.

The answer to the second question has to do with the fact thatDNA segments from Neanderthals and Denisovans that did not code forproteins remained because there was little selective pressureagainst them. As far as genes are concerned, the only Neanderthaland Denisovan genes that remain only exist because they had aselective advantage or at least have been neutral to ourspecies.

DNA segments that that were neutral or that had a selectiveadvantage, whether genes or not, simply remained because they wereadvantages or there was little selective pressure against them.

Your task for this week is to look for information about oneNeanderthal or Denisovan gene that survive within our species andto tell me what function that gene has and how that gene mayincrease the fitness of modern human populations.

  • In your post, discussONE Neanderthal orDenisovan gene that is currently found within our species.
    • Tell us about the gene and its function. Explain what it doesfor us. (Make sure you give a citation.)
    • Explain in your own words any possible advantages that yourNeanderthal or Denisovan gene might have. Make sure you give ininformed opinion that is grounded in your research.

5.

Which of the following statements is true about the theory of evolution?

The focus of the theory of evolution is to explain the origins of life.

According to the theory of evolution, life evolved entirely randomly.

The focus of the theory of evolution is to explain how life diversified from the first living cells.

According the theory of evolution, only the strongest and toughest can survive.

6.

Which of the following best explains our current understanding of microevolution?

Neither microevolution nor macroevolution can be observed within a human lifespan?

Microevolution is the gradual change of the genetic makeup (allele frequency) of a population over time.

Microevolution and macroevolution occur by very different mechanisms

Microevolution is the evolution of small organisms; macroevolution is the evolution of large organisms.

7.

The Irish elk is a giant species of deer that went extinct about 5,000 B.C. They are well-known for their extremely large antlers (12 feet wide) in males. The antlers likely played some role in protection against predators, but another possible cause for their large size could be

blending genetics

sexual selection

spontaneous generation

inheritance of acquired characteristics

8.

Cross River gorilla is listed as critically endangered species. With only 35 of these gorillas in the world, they are at risk of extinction largely due to poaching and loss to diseases such as Ebola. Genetic studies of the remaining gorillas show very little variability, because several alleles were likely lost due to ______.

genetic drift

gene flow

increased rate of spontaneous mutations

adaptive radiation

PURPOSE: To examine the genetic, Biochemical, and Cell biological mechanisms of disease development.

In class we have focused on many of the fundamental principals and techniques of genetics and molecular biology. For this assignment I want you to see how these ideas are applied in studying genetic diseases. In addition, I want you to get insight into the experimental design and procedures that are used for expanding our understanding of genetics and how they are applied to studying and treating human genetic diseases.

The goal will be a final research paper that will be due by the last day of class (April 3, 2016). An outline of what is expected to be presented in the paper is listed below.

Paper Guidelines: Review of a Specific Disease

Components:

A. Clinical Features of the Disease

 Age of onset
 Male/ Female predominance
 Clinical symptoms and pathology  Population distribution

B. Genetics/ Transmission

 Spontaneous/ Inherited
 Inheritance distribution
 Identification/ isolation of gene/ loci  Mutation of gene

C. Molecular Pathology

 Effect of mutation on structure/ function of protein
 What/ how pathways are affected
 Effect on development/ function of cells, tissue, and organs  How gene(s) is related to clinical manifestations
 Animal models

Please note that all of the information may not be available or understood for your disease. I expect each of the sections to be addressed in the paper (A., B., & C.), however the subtopics (identified by bullet points) may not be understood. I would like the paper as complete as possible, however the final content will be determined by what is currently known about the disease.

You will accomplish this in three steps. A description of each step and the due date are presented below.

1) Choosing a disease.
Due Date: Sunday March 13, 2016

I want you to identify a human genetic disease and provide a very brief overview of the disease (Section A). I want you state how the disease is inherited (Autosomal dominant, Autosomal recessive,

etc) a brief description of the clinical features and the gene that is mutated (if known). This assignment should be no more than 2 pages and is worth 50 points towards your final grade.

2) Identify an experimental journal article. Due Date: Sunday March 20, 2016

I want you to identify a published research journal article that examines the genetic disease that you have chosen. The paper must have been published within the last two years. The paper must present experimental evidence that is relevant to your disease. I want you to submit the paper to me as well as write a one page summary of what was learned by the research study and how it applies to the understanding of the molecular pathology of the disease (Section C.). You can search for a journal article using the resources of the library. I would also like you to choose one experiment (figure) in the paper and describe what experimental techniques were used for that part of the study. This section should not exceed 1 page. This is worth 50 points towards your grade.

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