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Immunity’s Early-Warning System. Scientific American, January 2005.

How does the innate immune system recognize pathogens?

After recognizing pathogens, what is the response of the innate immune system? (ie. What action does it take?)

How does the innate immune response promote and adaptive immune response?

How can an immune response contribute to disease?

How can exposure to LPS lead to septic shock? What is a situation in which one would be exposed to LPS?

In what organism were Toll proteins first discovered?

What happens when a bacteria binds a TLR, for example LPS binding to TLR-4? How is the signal transmitted from the receptor to the cell, and in general what does it tell the cell to do?

Which TLR is a current target for improving the effectiveness of vaccines, ie. To act as an adjuvant?

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Casey Durgan
Casey DurganLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

  1. What common cytokines induce differentiation of TH1 and TH2subsets?
  2. Put the number of the correct description from Column B beforeeach term in Column. Use each term only once.
  3. Column A Column B

    ___ cytokines
    ___ Tc cell
    ___ pathogen
    ___ active immunity
    ___ MHC molecule
    ___ epitope
    ___ passive immunity
    ___ plasma cells
    ___ Th cell
    ___ adjuvant

    1. generates an immune response after vaccination
    2. the direct transfer of a specific antibody into a host
    3. B cell that secretes an antibody
    4. displays CD8 glycoproteins on its surface
    5. organism that causes a disease
    6. presents antigens to TCR can recognize it
    7. displays CD4 glycoproteins on its surface
    8. immunologically active region of an antigen
    9. enhances the immunogenicity of antigens
    10 molecules that signal cells to perform functions
  4. Explain why burn victims are at extreme risk for infection.Which type of immunity is compromised in these patients?
  5. What are the three types of cells capable of phagocytosis? Howare microbes recognized by phagocytic cells?
  6. What do reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogenspecies (RNS) do to microbial cells? List one reactive oxygenspecies that phagocytic cells produce
  7. Where are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located? What TLR wouldrecognize a bacterium that possesses a flagellum? What result doesTLR-bacterium binding produce and how would that trigger an innateimmune response?
  8. What is the acute phase response (APR)? What are the maincytokines and a few of the proteins are involved in it? What doesthis response contribute to innate immunity?
  9. What is septic shock? Describe the role of LPS in causingsepsis.
  1. What common cytokines induce differentiation of TH1 and TH2subsets?

  2. Put the number of the correct description from Column B beforeeach term in Column. Use each term only once.

    Column A Column B

    ___ cytokines
    ___ Tc cell
    ___ pathogen
    ___ active immunity
    ___ MHC molecule
    ___ epitope
    ___ passive immunity
    ___ plasma cells
    ___ Th cell
    ___ adjuvant

    1. generates an immune response after vaccination
    2. the direct transfer of a specific antibody into a host
    3. B cell that secretes an antibody
    4. displays CD8 glycoproteins on its surface
    5. organism that causes a disease
    6. presents antigens to TCR can recognize it
    7. displays CD4 glycoproteins on its surface
    8. immunologically active region of an antigen
    9. enhances the immunogenicity of antigens
    10 molecules that signal cells to perform functions
  3. Explain why burn victims are at extreme risk for infection.Which type of immunity is compromised in these patients? (3marks)
  4. What are the three types of cells capable of phagocytosis? Howare microbes recognized by phagocytic cells?
  5. What do reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogenspecies (RNS) do to microbial cells? List one reactive oxygenspecies that phagocytic cells produce .
  6. Where are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located? What TLR wouldrecognize a bacterium that possesses a flagellum? What result doesTLR-bacterium binding produce and how would that trigger an innateimmune response?
  7. What is the acute phase response (APR)? What are the maincytokines and a few of the proteins are involved in it? What doesthis response contribute to innate immunity?
  8. What is septic shock? Describe the role of LPS in causingsepsis.

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

51

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

A

Pathogen

B

Rotomers

C

Antigen

D

Antibody

E

Troll receptor

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QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

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52

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

A

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

B

To kill infected B cells

C

To help balance electrolytes

D

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

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QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

Assigned as

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53

The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

A

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

B

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

C

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

D

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

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QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

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54

In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

A

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

B

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

C

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

D

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

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QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

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55

An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

A

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

B

When the immune system is not present

C

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

D

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

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QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

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56

Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

A

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

B

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

C

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

D

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

E

All of the above

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QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

Assigned as

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57

The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

A

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

B

Herpes Simplex

C

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

D

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

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QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

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58

Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

A

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

B

Retretoxin and butotoxin

C

Endotoxins and exotoxins

D

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

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QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

Assigned as

Homework

59

Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

A

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

B

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

C

STDs are transmitted through sex only

D

STDs are usually caused by viruses

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QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

Assigned as

Homework

60

HIV has which of the following characteristics?

A

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

B

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

C

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

D

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

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