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Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in regulating blood glucose levels and results in hyperglycemia. Inulin and glucagon are two important hormones secreted by the pancreas to control our blood glucose level.

Write a short essay discussing:

a homeostasis in the human body;

b the role of inulin and glucagon in blood glucose homeostasis;

c the development of diabetes by applying the concept of homeostatic disorder.

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Jean Keeling
Jean KeelingLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

1. Parathormone causes a________ in serum calcium and calcitonin causes a _____________ inserum calcium

increases; decreases

decreases; increases


2. Which hormone issecreted by the pineal gland?

growth hormone

antidiuretic hormone

melatonin

glucocorticoids


3. Which of the followingis an effect from hyperglycemia?

conversion of glucose to fructose in the liver

decrease in the osmotic pressure in the body

hyperhydration of the cells in our body

formation of glucose cross-links between protein molecules


4. Age-related changes intestosterone seem to result from which one of the following?

increasing effects of luteinizing hormone on the interstitialcells

a decline in the number of interstitial cells

a gradual increase in the reserve capacity of folliclestimulating hormone secretion

a decline in the amount of estrogen secreted to support thetestes


5. A decrease in theproduction and release of estrogen results in all of the followingexcept which one?

hot flashes

increase facial hair

loss of bone matrix

increase in HDLs


6. Parathormone directlyantagonizes the effects of which hormone?

thyroxine

calcitonin

thymosin

aldosterone


7. The aka for"non-ketosis-prone diabetes is what?

insulin-dependent

maturity-onset diabetes

gestational diabetes

secondary diabetes


8. Which of the followingis a symptom of diabetes?

polyuria

polyphagia

polydipsia

all of the above


9. Which of the followingis an undesirable effect of glucocorticoids?

breakdown of proteins

breakdown of fats

suppression of bone formation

vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure


10. Which of the followingis the age related affect of decreasing growth hormone in thebody?

decrease in blood pressure

increase in the metabolic rate

decrease in lean body mass

increase in bone growth

Based on “Morgan: A case of Diabetes” by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

The Patient:

Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly ¼ of Morgan’s tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:

Test

Morgan’s values

Normal range

Pre-Diabetic range

Diabetic range

Plasma glucose, mg/dl

260

70 -139

140 - 199

≥ 200

Fasting glucose, mg/dl

140

≤ 99

100 - 125

≥ 126

A1C, %

7.6

~ 5

5.7 – 6.4

≥ 6.5

Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml

34

2 - 10

10 - 20

≥ 20

Question 1:

Based on her history and blood results, what do you think is the most likely diagnosis for Morgan?

A. Type I Diabetes Mellitus

B. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

C. Pre-Diabetes

D. Cardiovascular Disease

Question 2:

What is the cause of Morgan’s disease?

A. It is an auto-immune disorder that destroys the β-cells of her pancreas so she produces less

insulin than normal.

B. She has a genetic mutation that results in less insulin receptor being produced than normal.

C. She has developed insulin resistance, where her insulin receptors do not recognize the insulin her

body produces, likely due to her obesity.

D. There is no known cause, it can happen spontaneously.

Morgan is worried that she will have to spend the rest of her life giving herself injections but her doctor does not prescribe insulin injections.

Question 3:

Why would injections of insulin not help Morgan if she has hyperglycemia?

A. Her body is already producing excess insulin but not responding to it.

B. Her problem is with her insulin receptors responding to insulin.

C. Excess insulin will only exacerbate her insulin resistance.

D. All of the above.

Question 4:

Given Morgan’s metabolic state, which of the following pathways would you expect to be active in Morgan’s cells (select all that apply)?

A. Glycolysis

B. Gluconeogenesis

C. β-oxidation

D. Amino acid degradation

E. Protein synthesis

1. In order for a hormone to cause a response, it must first bindto an appropriate receptor on its target cell. (Points: 1)
True
False


2. Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused byproblems with hormone production or lack of receptors for thehormones on the target cells. (Points: 1)
True
False


3. The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulatedprimarily by the hormone aldosterone. (Points: 1)
True
False


4. Nitric oxide is produced by cells lining the blood vessels; thischemical messenger regulates the contraction of smooth muscle inthe digestive tract as well as local blood flow in various tissuesof the body. (Points: 1)
True
False


5. Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by (Points:1)
ADH
prolactin
parathyroid hormone
glucagon
insulin


6. Which of the following is true regarding estrogen andprogesterone? (Points: 1)
They are secreted by the ovaries.
They are released during a female's reproductive years.
They regulate the menstrual cycle.
They stimulate the development of female secondary sexcharacteristics.
all of the above


7. Which of the following is not a symptom of diabetes mellitus?(Points: 1)
blurred vision
high sodium concentration in the blood and urine
excessive thirst
tingling in the feet or hands
fatigue


8. Which of the following is required in the diet in order foractive thyroid hormones to be produced? (Points: 1)
calcium
phosphorus
iodine
zinc
iron


9. Which of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers isimportant in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?(Points: 1)
prostaglandins
nerve growth factor
tumor angiogenesis growth factor
histamine
epidermal growth factor


10. If diabetes is left untreated, which of the following coulddevelop as a result? (Points: 1)
neural disorders
kidney failure
blindness
cardiovascular disorders
all of the above


11. The process by which the blastocyst becomes buried within theendometrial lining of the uterus is: (Points: 1)
fertilization.
implantation.
morphogenesis.
differentiation
embryonic development.


12. The placenta forms from embryonic tissue and (Points: 1)
bone marrow
amniotic fluid
embryonic disk
endometrium
yolk sac


13. Which of the following organs is not fully developed in a fetusand is therefore bypassed by the ductus aerteriosus? (Points:1)
liver
pancreas
heart
lungs
bladder


14. During puberty, the secretion of GnRH causes the secretion of________, which in turn stimulate(s) the production of sexhormones. (Points: 1)
LH and FSH
oxytocin and prolactin
insulin
growth hormone
oxytocin and growth hormone


15. Research on the aging process shows that wounds of the elderlyheal more slowly and that they are more susceptible to disease.These are problems associated with an aging ________ system.(Points: 1)
respiratory
immune
integumentary
digestive
endocrine

________________________________________


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