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blackmule272Lv1

28 Sep 2019

Explain how inspiration and expiration occur. Be sure to begin with an action potential in the somatic motor neurons that innervate the diaphragm. Also, include the muscle contraction. Be sure to explain all processes. Number or use bullet points for your answer, no paragraphs. Please answer in a simple way.

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Patrina SchowalterLv2

28 Sep 2019

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If you accidentally grab a very hot frying pan with your right hand, _______ will _______ action potential frequency.

Î± motor neurons innervating the left elbow extensors; decrease

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A 52-year-old woman has difficulty initiating voluntary movements. She can clearly state what she intends to do, describe exactly how she would do it, and picture herself doing it easily. When she is able to begin the motion, she can complete it smoothly and accurately, but she has difficulty beginning the motion. If the difficulty arises from a defect in one particular area of the nervous system, which area is most likely to be involved?

Invertebrates have often been used in motor control studies because

motor control pathways in invertebrates are all reflex pathways and therefore are simpler than pathways in vertebrates.

often only a few neurons are involved in a particular step in an invertebrate motor control pathway.

individual neurons are simpler in invertebrates than in vertebrates, and therefore motor control pathways are also simpler.

invertebrates have many more motor neurons in a single pathway compared to vertebrates.

Please explain why!!

3. a) The neurotransmitter that is responsible for âcommunicationâ at the neuromuscular junction between motor nerve cells and skeletal muscle fibers is acetylcholine (ACh). The ACh receptor protein is a channel that opens when ACh binds. Upon the opening of this channel, the membrane at the motor end plate region of the muscle cell becomes depolarized, resulting in the generation of an action potential in the muscle fiber membrane. The ACh receptor channel is equally permeable to both Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. Explain how opening a channel that allows both potassium and sodium to cross the membrane results in membrane depolarization. (2 points)

b) In normal individuals, a single end-plate potential (EPP) is always sufficient to elicit an action potential (and hence contraction) in a skeletal-muscle fiber. This is not the case in individuals suffering from myasthenia gravis (MG). MG is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced that attack the AChRs at skeletal-muscle endplates reducing their number. Patients suffering from the disease present with significant muscle weakness. Explain why patients with MG would exhibit muscle weakness. (2 points)

c) Treatment strategies for myasthenia gravis include thymectomy (removing the source of the antibody producing cells) or immunosuppressant drug therapy (inhibiting the synthesis and release of the antibodies). In addition, the drug neostigmine administered at carefully monitored doses is highly effective in treating myasthenia gravis. Investigate the actions of neostigmine, and discuss in detail why it may be an effective treatment. (2 points)

As you organize the outline you are going to use please use the following 4subtitles/categories I provide below. <- Divide your answers into these categories. In a bullet/outline form simply name the component (RNA, protein, membrane etc.) used, in the order used, and where appropriate add a brief descriptor of that component. <- this should take no more than 1 line. Explain what happens at the category AND how the new lipid and protein transit to the next category again using a simple bullet/outline form. The categories are:

A. Before ER

B. At the ER and how it transports to the Golgi

C. At the Golgi and how it transports to the plasma membrane.

D. At the Plasma Membrane

Effectively you are starting with an mRNA in the cytoplasm and processing it all the way through Constitutive and/or Regulative exocytosis. Be sure to include where new lipids are synthesized and how they move with the protein. Don't forget to include the recycling of components when they occur.

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