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Mark all correct statements about the supergroup, Archaeplastida

Archaeplastida includes species whose ancestor became photosynthetic through primary endosymbiosis

Archaeplastida includes all species thought to have descended from a heterotrophic cell that engulfed a cyanobacterium which became an organelle within that cell

Archaeplastida includes species whose ancestors became photosynthetic through secondary endosymbiosis.

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Elin Hessel
Elin HesselLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Do new beneficial mutation evolve simultaneously andindependently with several individuals of the same specie or onlywith one specimen who then transfers it to all of the specie?

In other words, when we talks about common ancestor we usuallymean a specie, so for example, all earth dwelling reptiles, birdsand mammals are the descendants of Tiktaalik (to the best of myknowledge), and we know that Tiktaalik was the first (or one of thefirst) species to come to land, but was there a first individualTiktaalik who went to the land, like Tim Minchin's Tony thefish.

Imagine being the first dude ever to have feet...

Imagine you're a fish, and you are swimming in the ocean ... andsuddenly out of nowhere Tony just goes "I'm getting out, I'mfreezing, I'm just gonna pop out for a bit, maybe lie on my towel,I'll bring you an ice cream"

-"Don't bother ,Tony, you are a freak! Tony is a freak, let'sgo, let's ostracize him for being different"

It seems to me that from the same species of ancestors there areseveral descending distinct species, so it seems to me that thatthat there was a species of reptiles that at some point someindividual of that group developed Dinosaur features and traits andwhose descendants became Dinosaurs and then Birds, and anotherindividual of that specie or a descending specie (not necessarilyat the same time) developed mammary glands whose descendants becamemammals, and other individuals who didn't mate with those two whosedescendants remained reptiles.

Was there ever a first dinosaur with feathers who is the fatheror mother of all birds, or the first fish with lungs, the firstmonkey with opposable thumbs from whom all apes descend, or thefirst mammal that decided to go for a swim and all dolphins, whaleand seals are his direct descendant of that first swimmingmammal?

And also for traits that don't lead to speciation, was there afirst human who was lactose tolerant, and all the lactose tolerantpeople on the world are his/her descendants, or the first personwith no wisdom teeth, the first person with slanted eyes, and thefirst person with red/blond hair?

*- If there are gross inaccuracies and/or over-simplification inmy understanding of the evolutionary process, this is because I'mnot a biologist, and I would accept happily any correction.

In the passages below, Darwin and Wallace both clearly define what a species is based on their observations of the natural world. They then provide explanations for how new species arise.

Excerpt from “The Origin of Species and Genera (S322: 1880), January 1880 issue of Nineteenth Century,” by Alfred R. Wallace ... A species may be defined as a group of individuals of animals or plants which breed together freely and reproduce their like; whence it follows that all the individuals of a species, now living or which have lived, have descended from a few common ancestors, or perhaps from a single pair. Thus all horses, whether Shetland ponies, racers, or cart-horses, form one species, because they freely breed together, and are known to have all descended from a common stock. By the same test the common ass, the kiang, the quagga, and the zebra, are each shown to be distinct species; for though sometimes two of these species will breed together, they do not do so freely, they do not reproduce their like but an intermediate form called a mule, and these mules are not capable of reproducing their kind, as are the offspring of any pairs of a single species.

Excerpt from “On the Origin of Species,” by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links. ...

Excerpt from On the Origin of Species, Chapter 4, by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram. ...

Question: From all these readings, is there evidence that both Darwin and Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection? Support your answer.

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