Log in
Biology
1
answer
0
watching
50
views

Deadly "super bacteria" are the outcome of decades of antibiotic overuse. The same antibiotics used to treat bacterial infection in people also help sick animals. On many farms, these antibiotics are used on a daily basis to prevent infection of healthy animals. This practice may have contributed to evolution of the new antibiotic-resistant human pathogens. One suggestion is to ban the preventive use of antibiotics that are of value to humans in farm animals. Would you support such a ban? What are the strongest arguments for banning the preventive use of antibiotics that are of value to humans in farm animals? What is the evidence that the use of antibiotics in livestock is contributing to the development of antibiotic-resistant human pathogens? What are the strongest arguments against banning the preventive use of antibiotics that are of value to humans in farm animals? What are the benefits of using preventive antibiotics? Should the animal husbandry practice of repeated dosing of healthy animals with antibiotics stop?

Watch
1
answer
0
watching
50
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Irving Heathcote
Irving HeathcoteLv2
28 Sep 2019

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

18. Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?

Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?


Class 6: Viruses (and Cells, continued)


Making connections: viruses and microbes Match the cell biology concept (on page 1) with an important application of that concept (on page 2). Then answer the follow-up questions at the bottom of page 2.


Cell Biology concepts
1. Bacteria that cannot construct new cell wall material become fragile and break down.
2. During influenza infection, the viral enzyme neuraminidase is required to release new viruses from the host cell in which they were made. Once released, the new viruses can infect many additional cells.
3. Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in hot springs and can live at temperatures up to ~80°C (175°F). It has adapted so that its enzymes are most functional at the elevated temperatures, compared with many organisms’ enzymes that function best ~37°C (98°F).
4. Until the isolation and investigation of retroviruses, scientists thought that RNA could be copied from DNA, but DNA could not be copied from RNA. Research on this class of viruses led to an update to this “Central Dogma” of biology.
5. Some bacteria have adapted, so that the enzymes involved in making cell wall materials have a slightly different shape and can no longer be bound by certain drugs.
6. Rhizobia are bacteria that colonize the roots of certain plants (legumes, including beans and peas). The host plant benefits from the prokaryotes’ ability to “fix” nitrogen, converting N2 from the atmosphere into a form that is usable by the plant.
7. Many species of bacteria contain the enzyme cellulase. More than 10 billion such bacteria and other symbiotic microbes may be found in a single milliliter of material from inside the digestive system of ruminant mammals.
8. Fungi, including those that cause athlete’s foot, use ergosterol to maintain healthy membranes. Animal cells do not make ergosterol, they use a similar lipid – cholesterol.
9. During retrovirus infection, a DNA copy is made of the virus’s RNA genome. A cut is made in the host cell’s DNA and the DNA copy of the viral genome is pasted into the host chromosome by a viral enzyme called integrase.
10. Prokaryotic cells contain smaller ribosomes (“70S” ribosomes) than eukaryotic cells (“80S” ribosomes). Both types of ribosomes synthesize proteins, but the macromolecules they use to do it are somewhat different.



2
Applications
_______ Oseltamivir, also called Tamiflu, binds and inhibits the viral protein neuraminidase.
_______ Clotrimazole is a drug that is used to treat certain infections. It interferes with synthesis of ergosterol, a lipid involved in phospholipid membranes.
_______ Penicillin is a drug that interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycans (these are biological molecules that are part protein and part carbohydrate) that are present in certain cell walls.
_______ HIV is often treated with several drugs that inhibit different parts of the viral replicative cycle. Raltegravir is an example of a drug that interferes with the integration of viral genes into the host cell’s chromosome.
_______ Cows, like other vertebrates, lack the ability to breakdown cellulose. Yet they are able to live on a diet of grass and other vegetation high in cellulose.
_______ Enzymes isolated from extremophiles have been very useful in laboratory research. For example, Taq polymerase facilitates PCR, a revolutionary technique for production of DNAs of particular sequences, which requires cycling reactions through high temperatures.
_______ Plants and animals require nitrogen to make biological macromolecules, however they’re unable to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form.
_______ Azithromycin is a drug that binds to 70S ribosomes and blocks synthesis of any new proteins.
_______ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause life-threatening infections of the skin and bloodstream. One of the reasons MRSA infections are so serious is that they are resistant to treatment by many antibiotics, including methicillin and penicillin.
_______ The enzyme reverse transcriptase, isolated from retroviruses, is an important tool in molecular biology research. Scientists interested in learning what genes are turned on in particular cells use it to make DNA copies of RNAs they are studying (The DNA copies are useful because they are more stable).


When you have completed the matching activity, answer these follow-up questions:
• What types of infections can be treated with the following drugs?
o Penicillin
o Clotrimazole
o Azithromycin
o Tamiflu
o Raltegravir
• Why are these drugs (above) safe for you to take? That is, why don’t they kill your cells?
• Cancer cells are your own human cells that have become deregulated so that they divide and pile up in an uncontrolled way. Many chemotherapy drugs treat cancer by interfering with cell division and other cell processes.
o Why are there so many more side effects for individuals undergoing chemotherapy than for individuals taking antibiotics?

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in