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10/ What are the dangers of small populations of a species froma genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is thebottleneck effect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is theimportance of geographic isolation? How is thisillustrated in the Galapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does ithelp us better understand medical conditions?

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Nestor Rutherford
Nestor RutherfordLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

1. What is the difference between the different patternsof selection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2. How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how doesthat differ from the mechanism by which humans acquirevariation?

3. What were the key observations made by Darwin todevelop the basic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4. What are the most common misconceptions about evolutionand why are they not valid arguments against evolution?

5. The key component of the theory of evolution is naturalselection. Define this process. Why is it commonly known as“survival of the fittest”? What are examples of factors (selectivepressures) that drive evolution of populations?

6. What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogous structures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7. Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8. How can evolution explain the formation of complexstructures such as the eye or the flagella motor?

9. What causes variation in a species? To put this anotherway: all humans have the same genes, yet we do not look alike. Whatis the reason fro the phenotypic differences between individuals ofthe same species? What is genetic recombination?

10. What are the dangers of small populations of a speciesfrom a genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is the bottleneckeffect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is the importance ofgeographic isolation? How is this illustrated in theGalapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does it help usbetter understand medical conditions?


Evolution and Speciation

Define evolution. Why is it inaccurate for creationists to tout evolution as “just a theory”? (Think about what theory actually means in scientific terms vs. the use of the word “theory” in casual conversations).

Explain what the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium shows and describe the conditions necessary for the equilibrium to be maintained.

Explain what factors cause populations to diverge from the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium and how each factor causes the change.

Describe how species evolve via natural selection. (Be sure to discuss the key aspects of natural selection: variation, heredity differential survival and reproductive success in your answer).

What does speciation mean and how can it occur?

What does adaptation mean? Why is natural selection the only agent of evolutionary change that leads to adaptation? (Think about how natural selection works).

Is natural selection all powerful? Can it create any variation that you or I could think of? Why or why not?

Differentiate between natural and sexual selection.

What is reproductive isolation?

Describe prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation and explain how they can contribute to speciation.

Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation and explain how each leads to new species.

What is adaptive radiation?

Be able to read and interpret phylogenetic trees: be able to determine which species are most closely related to each other, what nodes represent, where common ancestors would be located, etc.

What are paraphyletic, polyphyletic and monophyletic groups within a phylogeny?

1. Richard Dawkins interviews Randolph Nesse on evolutionary medicine (46 min):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAOhOhJr-gM

​Answer the following

1. Why should doctors understand natural selection?

2. What is "badly designed" about our forearms? Why?

3. Why do we all use the QWERTY keyboard? Is it the best arrangement of keys?

4. Why don't we "see" the blind spot in our field of view?

5. Is the body a machine? Why or why not?

6. What are the two different kinds of problems people bring to their doctors?

7. What would a life without pain be like? Why?

8. Why do we get fevers?

9. How does a lizard get a fever?

10. What is the "smoke detector principle"? Give an example.

11. How are our needs and motivations, shaped by natural selection, killing us now?

12. Why are our intestines all tangled up?

13. Why do so many people have back problems (in evolutionary terms)?

14. What paragraph is missing from every section of medical textbooks?

15. What are telomeres?

16. Why didn't natural selection

17. Are we designed (by natural selection) to be healthy and happy? Explain.

18. Why do we age?

19. If there weren't any aging, how long would we live?

20. How can a lethal gene increase in frequency?

21. Would life be great if we didn't have anxiety? Why or why not?

22. What are panic attacks (in evolutionary terms)?

23. "In a nutshell", what is Darwinian medicine?

24. Why hasn't natural selection made us better than we are? (4 reasons)

25. In what two ways do we misunderstand the body?

26. Why does natural selection "discriminate against men"? (I.e., Why do males tend to die sooner than females?)

27. ...Is #26 only a human phenomenon? Where else is this pattern seen?

28. What is a possible evolutionary explanation for menopause?

29. What has natural selection designed us for, health or reproduction?

30. From an evolutionary point of view, why is there so much suffering in life?

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