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2) Nature/Magnitude of the Problem of Deforestation in relationto biodiversity of plants and animals

Quantify magnitude of effects of the problem and explain

* Provides rates of change over time and spatially within andacross the region and explain *

Discuss potential loss of biodiversity from degradation (orgains from restoration) of the natural resource

* Discuss any impacts to critical ecosystems and/orbiodiversity

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Irving Heathcote
Irving HeathcoteLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

1.

What is a method that some ecologists have proposed to protectspecies from extinction in the face of global climate change?

  1. natural attenuation
  2. assisted migration
  3. bioremediation
  4. mitigation
  5. adaptive management

2.

Why is it usually not possible to restore a community to itspre-altered state?

  1. It is not always possible to determine the kinds of speciesthat populated a community.
  2. Invasive species compromise restoration.
  3. Climate change complicates restoration.
  4. Evolutionary trajectories cannot be predicted.
  5. All answers are correct.

3.

How is ecological restoration different from restorationecology?

  1. It considers cultural and societal concerns.
  2. It does not rely on ecological principles.
  3. It cannot be predicted.
  4. It does not involve manipulation of the environment.
  5. All answers are correct.

4.

What is the goal of assisted migration?

  1. to help species respond to climate change
  2. to help species learn new seasonal migration routes
  3. to help migrating species avoid human-made structures
  4. to help native species tolerate restoration efforts
  5. All answers are correct.

5.

Which of the following might serve to enhance habitat in arestoration project?

  1. a dead log in a stream
  2. a concrete water control structure in an estuary
  3. removal of a dam
  4. an artificial nesting box
  5. All answers are correct.

6.

Biologists want to restore a region that experienced stripmining. How will bacteria assist in the restoration?

  1. They will restore the biotic parts of a community.
  2. They will enhance adaptive management.
  3. They will remove harmful metals.
  4. They will improve revegetation.
  5. They will remove the source of the disturbance.

7.

A barge has leaked a small amount of oil in the middle of LakeMichigan. What might be the best solution to clean it up?

  1. Add molasses to stimulate bacterial action.
  2. Leave it alone.
  3. Introduce engineered bacteria.
  4. Add microorganisms not normally found in the lake.
  5. Launch a comprehensive restoration effort.

8.

Before deciding on an appropriate restoration strategy for aparticular degraded ecosystem, which information would be LEASTimportant to have?

  1. the goals of the restoration, in terms of biodiversity andecosystem functioning
  2. the degree to which the ecosystem has been degraded whencompared to a reference ecosystem
  3. the types of species that were present before thedegradation
  4. the social, political and economic constraints on therestoration
  5. None of the answers are correct.

9.

A biologist works to restore habitat during a restorationproject. Which of the following might serve to enhance thehabitat?

  1. a dead log in a stream
  2. a concrete water control structure in an estuary
  3. removal of a dam
  4. an artificial nesting box
  5. All answers are correct.
  6. 10.
  7. Restoration ecologists want to restore a landscape to itsoriginal state before humans arrived and altered it, but they donot know what species of plants lived there historically. What isthe best alternative?
  8. Import plants from other ecosystems at the same latitude.
  9. Bioremediate the soil.
  10. Use plants growing nearby.
  11. Use assisted migration.
  12. Let nature take its course.

11.

Biologists begin collecting native seeds in a seed bank in aregion that experienced considerable alteration. Describe thebenefits of taking this action for the future.

  1. It is important to collect samples of native seeds for culturalpurposes.
  2. Biologists can use the seeds to restore other regions atsimilar latitudes.
  3. If the region is heavily altered, it may take time and multiplesteps to restore the region. Collecting the seeds while they areavailable ensures that the biologists can use them later in therestoration process.
  4. The see bank will promote the assisted migration of plants fromhabitats made unsuitable by climate change.
  5. All answers are correct.

12.

Although disturbance is often thought of as a detriment tonatural ecosystem functioning, one type of disturbance, fire, isoften used to restore ecological communities. In what way(s) canfire restore ecological communities?

  1. Fire is an effective way to "clean the slate" of the ecosystemby burning plants and sterilizing the soil so that appropriatemitigation and bioremediation plans can be implemented.
  2. In ecosystems where fire is a natural periodic event, fire cankill many non-native plant species while leaving native speciesless influenced.
  3. Fire can suppress the growth of competitive dominant plants,such as shrubs and trees, increasing the diversity of certainecosystems.
  4. All answers are correct.
  5. None of the answers are correct.

Plant and animal products are always renewable resources.

True

False

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

Human activities are the only factors that can influence theEarth’s climate.

True

False

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

The following are estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau’sInternational Database. They are averages for populations in twodifferent groups of countries in 2012.

Group A: Total fertility 1.6 births per womanover a lifetime, life expectancy 78 years at birth, and populationgrowth rate 0.3 % per year.

Group B: Total fertility 2.6 births per womanover a lifetime, life expectancy 66 years at birth, and populationgrowth rate 1.3 % per year.

Which group do you think are the less developed countries,including most of Africa, Asia, and Latin America?

Group A nations are the less developed (lower income)nations.

Group B nations are the less developed (lower income)nations.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

Which two activities are the main human activities that have ledto increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)?

breathing and decomposition

burning fossil fuels and clearing forests

livestock production and rice paddy agriculture

fertilizer use and natural gas extraction

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which option lists three important greenhouse gases?

O3 (ozone), CFCs, and SO2 (sulfur dioxide)

nitrogen gas (N2), oxygen gas (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2)

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best Starting in the 1950s, populations of Atlantic codwere heavily fished by highly efficient commercial trawlers.Catches started to decline in the 1970s and by 1990 several of thefisheries were completely depleted. Was the cod population arenewable resource when fished at that level? how impact changeswith development of technology?

Yes; plant and animal populations are always renewableresources.

No, because growth and reproduction of the fish couldn’t keep upwith the harvest.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

In a warming world, seasonal events are occurring earlier inspring and later in fall. Is this a significant problem?

Yes, because species respond differently. This can lead tomismatches between the life cycles of plants and pollinators,predators and prey, etc.

No, because all species are responding in the same way. Thegrowing season is longer, so species are likely to benefit fromthis change.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is renewable and biodegradable?

A plastic flip-flop

A metal knife

A wooden Popsicle stick

A glass window

None of the above

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

What is biodiversity?

The variety of ecosystem types present within a region

Variation within a population’s or species’ gene pool

The variety of life at all levels, including all of the otheroptions

Question 10

Select all that apply.

10 points

Which of the following are common benefits that humans get fromfunctioning natural ecosystems and the biodiversity that is foundthere? Select all that apply.

Grasslands and wetlands produce corn, wheat, rice and othergrain crops.

Forests prevent landslides and help protect coastlines fromstorm surges and tsunamis.

Most natural ecosystem types provide recreational opportunitiesfor hiking, wildlife watching, hunting, fishing, etc.

Mosquitoes and other disease vectors inhabit natural wetlandsand forests.

Diverse species contain countless biomolecules that may be usedas drugs or for other purposes.

Question1.1. Accidental alterationsduring DNA replication that give rise to variations in organismsare __________. (Points : 1)
adaptive traits
mutations
symbioses
random distributions
Question2.2. The largest reservoir ofcarbon in the carbon cycle is comprised of _________. (Points :1)
freshwater systems andoceans
plants and animals
sedimentary rock andfossil fuels
atmosphere
Question3.3. The principle of utility________. (Points : 1)
holds that any naturalresource should be available for use in manufacturing
holds that something isright when it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest numberof people
is not an ethicalstandard
cannot be used toestimate the value of natural resources
Question4.4. The two processes thatdetermine current biodiversity on a global scale are __________.(Points : 1)
allopatric speciation andimmigration
mutation and habitatselection
mutation and globalclimate change
extinction andspeciation
Question5.5. The conservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)
exploit natural resourcesfor economic gain regardless of sustainability
be prudent and efficientin the use of natural resources
consider the environmentthe ultimate servant of mankind
maintain the environmentin a pristine, unaltered state
Question6.6. The preservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)
be responsible for wisemanagement while using natural resources
protect areas againstdevelopment while allowing public access
harvest naturalresources
maintain the naturalenvironment in a pristine, unaltered state
Question7.7. Trophic levels and foodchains diagram __________. (Points : 1)
logistic curves
energy flow in anecosystem
population density
natural resourcefluctuations
Question8.8. A hypothesis is ________.(Points : 1)
a prediction
an educated guess thatexplains a phenomenon or answers a question
an instrument that isused to examine environmental conditions
the design of anexperiment that can be used for the process of science
Question9.9. A biocentric view of theworld emphasizes ________. (Points : 1)
the role of corporationsin environmental law
the importance ofconsidering environmental impacts on all living things
the importance ofeconomics in environmental decisions
the dual-natured view ofhumans and animals as environmental controls
Question10.10. Malthus was responsiblefor ________. (Points : 1)
the book The PopulationBomb that described the disastrous effects of human populationgrowth
the idea that theincrease in human population would lead to famine and war
the concept that humanpopulation growth would lead to greater industry and prosperitythrough education
instituting fertilizeruse for agriculture
Question11.11. Ecology is ________.(Points : 1)
the study of how to solveenvironmental problems
the study of organismsand their interactions with each other and the environment
a subfield ofenvironmentalism
the study of the E. colifamily of bacteria
Question12.12. The scientific processis based on ________. (Points : 1)
observations thatresearchers keep in a scientific journal
testing hypotheses builton observation, and revising them based on results
intuitive understandingof natural laws and processes
the ancient writings ofHeraclitus
Question13.13. Which of the followingis an abiotic factor? (Points : 1)
Amphibians
Wood
Mammals
Water
Question14.14. In environmentalscience, "carrying capacity" means the ___________. (Points :1)
maximum population sizethat a given environment can sustain
average number of viableoffspring produced within a population
potential number ofspecies in a given area
limitation on the numberof species in an ecosystem
Question15.15. The Cuyahoga River madepeople aware of environmental problems because __________. (Points: 1)
people in manycommunities became sick when using water from the river
the drinking water inelementary schools near the river became contaminated
the river caught onfire
the river stoppedsupporting any plant or animal life
Question16.16. The conversion processwhere nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions,which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening orwhen air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certainbacteria, is known as ________. (Points : 1)
the carbon cycle
nitrogen fixation
ionic conversation
bacterial ionization
Question17.17. The fresh water wedepend on for survival accounts for approximately __________ of allwater on Earth. (Points : 1)
two-thirds
one-third
10%
3%
Question18.18. A paradigm is ________.(Points : 1)
a group of severalhypotheses that can be tested together
a dominant view inscience
the same as ahypothesis
synonymous with thescientific method
Question19.19. The degree of disorderin a substance, system, or process is called ________. (Points :1)
chaos
entropy
energy
electricity
Question20.20. A population is definedas ___________. (Points : 1)
a group of individuals ofmultiple, interacting species that live in a particular area
a group of similarspecies that inhabit various ecosystems
a group of individuals ofa single species inhabiting a particular area
(crude birth rate +immigration rate) - (crude death rate - emigration rate)

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