You are given 1 plant bearing blue flowers, and 1 plant bearing white flowers. You are not told anything else about the plants, and you do not have any other plants of this species to work with.

A) You perform a number of crosses between the blue and white plant, resulting in 23 blue plants and 25 white plants. What are two different ways that this result could be interpreted? Give the genotypes of the F₀ plants in the case of each interpretation.

B) Describe an experiment (a specific cross) that would allow you to determine which of the above interpretations is true. For each possible experimental outcome, describe the conclusion that you would draw from your results.

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Elin HesselLv2

28 Sep 2019

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Hydrangea macrophylla plants can have flowers that are blue, white or pink. White plants are never true breeding. Crossing two white plants results in 2/3 white and 1/3 colored flowers (all pink, all blue or some pink and some blue). When true breeding blue plants are crossed with true breeding pink plants the resulting F1 generation are all blue. When these F1 Blue plants are crossed with white plants the progeny are 3/8 blue, 1/8 pink and 1/2 white.

When cuttings from a large F1 blue hydrangea plant are planted all over a housing development about Â½ the adult plants produce pink flowers the following year and Â½ produce blue flowers. Note that all the plants in the housing development are genetically identical.

F. Based on the results of the above experiment you have decided to apply for a grant from Monsanto to further understand the genetics of flower color in Hydrangea macrophylla. You feel this is important research as results from your study may aid in developing a profitable ornamental strain of hydrangea. You have two main goals: 1: determine heritability(H²/h²) of flower color and 2: Determine the genes involved in flower color. In the space provided briefly outline your experimental design for each goal and your hypothesis and/or predicted results.

11. You suspect that two genes interact with one another to determine the product of a pathway you are studying. You cross two pure breeding plantsâone with white flowers and one with pinkâto make F1 individuals that have blue flowers. You cross the F1 generation and observe the following numbers of individuals with different phenotypes: Number of individuals Phenotype 91 Blue 30 Pink 39 White Which pathway best explains these results? (Note that arrows indicate enzymatic reactions carried out by products of genes 1 and 2. Assume that buildup of metabolites will determine flower color.)

Question 12 and 13: Consider the biochemical pathway presented below. This pathway determines pigment production in pea flowers. (Note: gene products are required for each reaction to proceed.)

12. Do you expect that genes A and B will interact with one another?

A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient information to determine

13. What phenotype ratio would you expect in offspring produced by crossing AaBb parents?

A. 9:3:3:1 (blue : green : yellow : white) B. 9:3:4 (blue : green : white) C. 9:7 (blue : white) D. 15:1 (blue : white)

14. How can haplosufficiency explain dominance of an allele that codes for a functional protein over a null (loss of function) allele?

A) a single functional copy of the gene produces sufficient gene product for normal biological function B) a single functional copy of the gene produces insufficient gene product for normal biological function C) the null allele produces a product that interferes with proper function of the normal allele D) the null allele produces a product that does not interfere with proper function of the normal allele E) the null allele rapidly mutates to reacquire normal functionality

15. In a plant species with genes A and B, you have isolated recessive mutant alleles at each locus, which you call a and b. You would like to know whether these two genes are linked. To test this hypothesis, you obtain an individual that is heterozygous at both genes (AB/ab) and perform a test cross. Which results would be most consistent with these loci being tightly linked? (Results are counts of the numbers of offspring from the testcross.)

A. Ab/ab 390 aB/ab 410 AB/ab 350 ab/ab 420

B. Ab/ab 80 aB/ab 73 AB/ab 760 ab/ab 754

C. Ab/ab 700 aB/ab 695 AB/ab 56 ab/ab 59

D. Ab/ab 400 aB/ab 65 AB/ab 50 ab/ab 659