Question

Building phylogenic trees is a powerful approach to modelcurrent hypotheses of the evolutionary relationships of organisms.Most phylogenies are constructed using cladistics. Which statementsbelow apply to cladistics? 1) Homologous characteristics oforganisms are used to infer patterns of relatedness between theorganisms. 2) An outgroup, consisting of a lineage known to havediverged before the lineages beings studied, is used as a referenceof ancestral traits. 3) Parsimony, which involves selecting thehypothesis with the fewest evolutionary steps, is used to choosebetween possible phylogenies. 4) Overall phenotypic similarity isused to group organisms together regardless of their evolutionaryrelationships.