When a childâs bone is fractured, growth may be stimulated at the epiphyseal plate of that bone. What problems might this extra growth cause in an upper or lower limb before the growth of the other limb compensates for the difference in length? Using 300 to 500 words post your thoughts about this .

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Tod ThielLv2

19 Nov 2018

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Visit a brewery, bakery, cheese making facility, or any other place that produces food or any other product using protists or fungi (sauerkraut, kombucha, miso). Ask about the organisms they use at the facility (yeast, other fungi, bacteria, etc. You might ask what type of microorganism they use, what does the microorganism "eat," what are optimal conditions, does it make a difference what variety or strain used, etc. Briefly, describe the place including your subjective thoughts. This can include almost anything from your initial impression to the taste of the food to what production facilities looked like.

Also, write a little bit about the science of how the food or product produced. What microorganism do they use? What does it eat? How does it affect the food? Is the microorganism killed off before human consumption or is it still alive and active in the food? If you can't get enough scientific information from the place, you visit you may substitute some information from other sources. If you do use other sources cite them. A term paper is not necessary for this assignment.

Jim, A 19-year-old college student, was rock climbing when he fell 30 feet to the ground. Paramedics arriving at the scene found him lying in the supine position, unable to move any extremities and complaining of neck pain. He was awake, alert, and oriented to his current location, the date and day of the week, and the details of his fall. His responses to questioning were appropriate. He complained that he could not feel his arms and legs. His pupils were equal and reactive to light. He showed no other signs of injury except for several scrapes on his arms. His vital signs revealed a blood pressure of 110 / 72, heart rate of 82 beats per minute, respirations of 18 per minute. The paramedics applied a cervical collar, placed him on a back board, immobilized his head, and transported him to the trauma center by helicopter. Upon examination at the hospital, Jim had minimal biceps brachii stretch reflexes, but no triceps or wrist extensor reflexes. All other muscle stretch reflexes in the upper and lower extremities were absent. His perception of sensory stimuli ended bilaterally at an imaginary line drawn across his chest about 3 inches above the nipples (i.e. everything below felt numb). He had some sensation in his arms, but could not localize touch or describe texture with any consistency there. He was able to raise his shoulders and tighten his biceps brachii slightly in each arm, but could not raise either arm against gravity. His lower extremities were flaccid, despite attempts to move them. Vital signs were taken again at the hospital and were as follows: blood pressure=94 / 55; heart rate=64; respiratory rate=24 (with shallow breathing). X-rays taken upon arrival revealed a fractured vertebra at a particular location. A chest X-ray showed a decreased lung expansion upon inhalation. The neurosurgeons immobilized his neck by inserting tongs into the skull above the ears to hold his neck in a position so that no further injury could occur. Jim was transferred to intensive care and his condition was stabilized. A physical examination four days later revealed normal vital signs and no change in his arm strength or sensation, but also marked spasms and exaggerated stretch reflexes of the lower extremities. He also had urinary incontinence which required the placement of a Foley catheter connected to a urine collection bag.

Questions:

1. Why did Jim's heart rate and blood pressure fall in this time of emergency (i.e. at a time when you'd expect just the opposite homeostatic responses)?

2. Upon admission to the hospital, Jim's breathing was rapid and shallow. Can you explain why?

3. Why did he lose some sensation in his arms and all sensation from the upper trunk down?

4. What is the primary muscle of respiration? Which spinal nerves contribute to innervate this muscle? (Itâs almost like this question is reviewâ¦)

5. Based upon the physical exam findings, which vertebral bone do you think was fractured? Give reasons for your answer. (Lifeâs anatomy knowledge is cumulativeâ¦)

6. By four days after the injury, some of Jim's signs and symptoms had changed. His arm muscles were still flaccid, yet his leg muscles had become spastic and exhibited exaggerated stretch reflexes. How would you explain these findings?

Several studies suggest that breast-fed babies become more intelligent children than formula-fed babies. One such study (Mortensen, Michaelsen, Sanders & Reinisch, 2002) involved a sample of over 3,000 women and men born in Copenhagen, Denmark, between October 1959 and December 1961. The samples were divided into five categories based on duration of breast-feeding, as assessed by physician interview with mothers at a one-year examination. The childâs intelligence was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) at a mean age of 27.2 years. The results showed that duration of breast-feeding was associated with significantly higher scores on the verbal, performance, and full scale WAIS IAs. This difference was observed even after the researchers adjusted for differences in the social class and maternal education of the two groups. (This adjustment allowed the researchers to rule out any preexisting differences in the groups that might have independently contributed to IQ differences in their children. The authors acknowledged that other differences between the groups, such as the childrenâs genetic potential or their parentsâ caregiving skills or motivation to nurture, could explain the results. However, they believe that human milk contains various hormones and other factors that enhance brain growth and maturation.

1. State the research hypothesis in your own words. Identify the independent and dependent variables, and define all important concepts and terms as they are used in this study.

2. What evidence do the researchers offer as a test of their hypothesis? Is this evidence empirical (observable)? Is it valid?

3. What explanation do the researchers offer for their findings? Does this explanation make sense based on the evidence?

4. Given the results of this study, why canât the researchers draw a causal connection between type of food and later intelligence? What might be an alternative explanation for the results of this study? What could the researchers do in order to make a causal connection between the dependent and independent variables?

5. Are there any practical implications for this research?

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When a childâs bone is fractured, growth may be stimulated at the epiphyseal plate of that bone. What problems might this extra growth cause in an upper or lower limb before the growth of the other limb compensates for the difference in length? Using 300 to 500 words post your thoughts about this .

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