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21. Compare and contrast protozoan cysts, fungal spores, and bacterial endospores with regard to: a) the factors that stimulate their formation, b) their structure, and c) their function

22. Discuss the role of specific algal and fungal toxins in human disease.

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Reid Wolff
Reid WolffLv2
24 Apr 2019

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Related questions

Any 7 questions please Answer!!!!

13. Why must media, vessels and instruments be sterilized before they are used for microbiological procedures?

14. What is the difference between complex media and defined media? Give one example of each.

15. Why is it necessary to use strong disinfectants in areas exposed to tuberculosis patients?

16. Describe five physical methods of microbial growth.

17. Contrast the structures and actions of soaps and quats.

18 How do halogens control microbial growth? Compare and contrast the use of iodine and chlorine.

19. Why is autoclaving true sterilization and boiling is effective for sanitizing restaurant tableware?

20. Compare and contrast incineration and hot air as examples of dry heat used to control microbial growth.

21. How does mitosis differ from binary fission?

22. Why are they more antibacterial drugs than antifungal drugs?

23. How are the cysts of protozoan similar to endospores and how do they differ?

24. Alveolates are divided into three subgroups, list the groups and describe one example for each subgroup.

25. What is a schizont? What pathogen reproduce asexually via schizogony?

can you please give me a response for this Article(type the anwer)

When a soil dries out, this has a negative impact on the activity of soil bacteria. Using an innovative combination of state-of-the-art analysis and imaging techniques, researchers at UFZ have now discovered that fungi increase the activity of bacteria in dry and nutrient-poor habitats by supplying them with water and nutrients. The ability of fungi to regulate drought stress in soil and thus sustain ecosystem functions is an important insight in the context of climate change.

Many fungi spread through the soil with a fine network of thin filaments known as hyphae. In their search for water and nutrients the hyphae grow in different directions, constantly enlarging the network. Once found, water and nutrients are absorbed and transported through the hyphae, allowing them to be supplied to parts of the fungal network in dry or nutrient-poor areas of the soil. But it isn't only the fungus itself which benefits from the transport of material through the hyphal pipelines: bacteria, too, are kept supplied with the water and nutrients they need to thrive. This has now been demonstrated by a team of UFZ researchers in a study recently published in the journal Nature Communications. "We've suspected for a long time that fungi play an important role in the soil moisture budget," says UFZ environmental biotechnologist Prof. Matthias Kästner. "Now, using secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques (NanoSIMS and ToF-SIMS) from the ProVIS research platform at UFZ, we've finally obtained experimental evidence."

As part of their investigations, the researchers closely examined the transport of water, substrates and nutrients through the microscopically small hyphae of fungi. They grew the fungi on a culture medium of water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients. The fungal hyphae had to pass through a dry, nutrient-free zone in order to grow through into a new area containing the culture medium. The inhospitable transition zone contained spores of the common soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Spores are inactive stages of Bacillus that form when there is insufficient water, food and nutrients available for bacterial growth. The bacteria go into a kind of dormant stage, from which they only awake once the environmental conditions are more favourable for living again.

In the experiment, these conditions were indeed improved by the growth of the fungi: "As the fungal hyphae grew through the dry zone, the bacterial spores germinated and we noticed clear microbial activity," says UFZ environmental microbiologist Dr. Lukas Y. Wick. "The fungi obviously improved the environmental conditions for the bacteria and woke them from their slumber, like Sleeping Beauty." But what exactly happens at a chemical level when fungal hyphae grow in direct proximity to bacterial spores? To answer this question, the researchers 'labelled' the water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients in the culture medium in advance with stable isotopes. If these substances were transferred from the fungus to the bacteria, they could be detected using the isotopic marker and the NanoSIMS method, with nano-scale spatial resolution. "The NanoSIMS method reveals the distribution of elements and isotops and therefore allows us to observe metabolic processes," Kästner explains. "As it turns out, we did find the stable isotopes of the labelled water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients in the cell mass of the bacteria -- which could only have come from the fungi."

This study has given the UFZ researchers another important insight into fungi and their important function in soils. Fungi serve as pumping stations and pipelines for water, substrates and nutrients and can colonise inhospitable locations, making them habitable for bacteria -- and thus stimulate microbial activity in the soil. In previous work the researchers have already shown that fungal hyphae act as a kind of fungal highway for bacteria, allowing them to move around, and provide a hotspot for bacterial gene transfer. Wick continues: "The results of this latest study demonstrate once again that, through their interaction with bacteria, fungi play a significant, previously underestimated role in the soil ecosystem."

If a soil is contaminated with pollutants, for example, bacteria can break them down. But if the soil is too dry, the degradation processes will come to a standstill. "If the drought period lasts for a limited time, fungi have a stabilising effect and can keep soil processes going. This could be important specifically with regard to the impacts of climate change, if the ratio of dry to moist areas of soil dramatically increases," says Kästner. In future investigations, the researchers therefore intend to look even more closely at soil as a true ecosystem. "We want to carry out soil experiments under different environmental conditions and find out what influence fungal growth has on the breakdown of pollutants," says Wick. He adds: "It's important to have a better understanding of the role of fungi in the soil ecosystem. Only when we know how soil works can we respond to changes, for example those caused by climate change, with informed decisions."

Q1. Which of the following is false concerning the Calvin Benson Cycle.

A. Utilizes both NADPH and ATP

B. Requires ribulose bisphophate carboxylase

C. Is responsible for the fixation of carbon dioxide.

D. Oxidize carbons

E. All of the above are true

Q2. Concerning the avian-adapted, highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 (called HPAI A(H5N1), for "highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5NI"), which of the following is false:

A. Cause "avian influenza" or simply "bird flu"

B. Has resulted in death of many millions of chickens and birds

C. Has resulted in recent deaths of many hundred thousands of exposed humans.

D. Endemic in many bird populations.

E. All of the above are true

Q3. Which of the following is mismatched concerning microscopy.

A. SEM: 3D representatio of surface features of cells and other objects, individual components in microbial communities, microbial environmental interactions.

B. Confocal: uses laser light sources to scan differentilly lableded specimens producing 3D images assembled by a computer.

C. Darkfield: can visualize living spirochetes in wetmounts, motility of celss in wet mounts.

D. Differential Interference Phase Contrast: Similar to phase contrast but adds prisms providing additional detail and quasi-3D effect.

E. Limit of resolution human eye (conventional light microscopy): 0.2 mm (2nm)

Q4. Which of the following is the correct decreasing order in resistance to heat and chemicals?

A. Protozoan cysts - prions - endospores - fungi - mycobacteria - lipid viruses - E.Coli

B. Endospores - prions - fungi - mycobacteria - protozoan cysts - E.Coli - lipid viruses

C. Endospores - prions - protozoan cysts - fungi - mycobacteria - lipid viruses - E. Coli

D. Prions - endospores - mycobacteria - protozoan cysts - fungi - E.Coli - lipid viruses

E. Prions - endospores - mycobacteria - fungi - protozoan cysts - lipid viruses - E.Coli

Q5. What is false concerning capnophiles?

A. mammalian cells in culture

B. Neisseria

C. Have a requirement for increased carbon dioxide

D. Hemophilus

E. All of the above are true

Q6. Which of the following is false concerning Biosafety Levels?

A. Requirments for facilities increase from BSL- 1 to BSL- 4

B. PPE increses from BSL- 1 to BSL- 4

C. BSL- 4 agents have no vaccines and treatments and include Ebola and Marburg viruses

D. BSL- 3 agents include Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheriase & Borrelia burdorferi

E. all of the above are true.

Q7. Which of the following would be the most likely and available choice for sterilizing heat labile liquids in different research and teaching labs at a school, while still retaining the materials in a useable state?

A. Membrane filtration

B. Gamma radiation

C. Autoclaving

D. Hot air oven

E. HEPA filter

Q8. In the aerobic metabolism of proteins by chemoheterotrophs (e.g., E.Coli and you)

A. Proteins are broken down into smaller prptides and eventually into amino acids by proteses (peptidases)

B. Certain amino acids may be converted to pyruvate

C. Certain amino acids may be converted to intermediates (e.g. oxaloacetate) of the Krebs cycle.

D. Certain amino acids may be converted to acetyl-CoA

E. All of the above are true.

Q9. Which of the following would be the most effective for sterilizing air in a hospital surgical suite during an operation?

A. Membrane Filtration

B. Ethylene oxide gas

C. Autoclaving

D. HEPA filtration

E. Gamma irradiation

Q10. The "roadblock" to continued oxidation of glucose in fermentations is bypassed through production of fermentation products for the purpose of

A. oxidation of NAD+ back to NADH

B. reduction of NAD+ back to NADH

C. reduction of NADH back to NAD+

D. oxidation of NADH back to NAD+

E. generating additional ATPs beyond that produced by glycolysis.

Q11. Which of the following is used in hand sanitizing soaps purchased from your local HEB?

A. Formaldehyde

B. Glutaraldehyde

C. Triclosan

D. Mercury

E. 5% hypochlorite

Q12. Enteric plating media (e.g., MacMonkey and EMB agars) have which sugar and a pH indicator to distinguish coliforms from non coliforms?

A. Glucose

B. Sucrose

C. Lactose

D. Maltose

E. Fructose

Q13. Normal antimicrobial therapy for active tuberculosis involves:

A. one drug for 10 days

B. two or more drugs for 10 days

C. one drug for at least 6 months

D. three or four drugs for at least 6 months

E. six or more drugs for at least 3 years.

Can you guys help me answer these questions please!!!

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