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MICROBIO 310 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Semiconservative Replication, Primase, Model Organism

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cerisebuffalo390
16 Oct 2017
School
UMASS-Amherst
Department
Microbiology
Course
MICROBIO 310
Professor
Yasu Morita

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Document Summary

Review question channel for small molecules to pass through. The function of porin in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is to serve as a. The citric acid cycle (cac) is the pathway through which pyruvate is completely oxidized to co2. Initial steps (glucose to pyruvate) same as glycolysis. Per glucose molecule, 6 co2 molecules are released and nadh and fadh are. Plays a key role in catabolism and biosynthesis generated. Microorganisms demonstrate a wide range of mechanisms for generating energy. The electron acceptor is different between two anaerobic and aerobic catabolic methods. Functional unit of genetic information is the gene. Genes are in cells and are composed of dna. Three informational macromolecules in cells are dna, rna, and protein. The central dogma of biology is dna rna protein. Prokaryotes: operon - where multiple genes are transcribed together (as a unit) Adenine (a), guanine (g), cytosine (c), and thymine (t)

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Related Questions

The pentose phosphate pathway, an alternative to glycolysis, is used to catabolize five carbon sugars. One ATP molecule and 12 NADPH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule. Glycolysis is the most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose. Two pryuvic acid molecules are the end product. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules per molecule of glucose oxidized through glycolysis.

Pyruvic acid loses one carboxyl group, and CO2 is a byproduct, during the transition step. Two carbon acetyl groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle. Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the electron transport system.

5. How does aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ?

6. Hemophilus influenzae requires hemin (X factor) to synthesize cytochromes and NAD+(V factor) from other cells. For what part of cellular respiration are the X and V factors essential?

7. Suppose an individual has mitochondria that leak cytochromes, what effect might this dysfunction have on the ability of the cell to function? Why?


1. Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?
Fermentation
An electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis
All of the above
2. The primary purpose of catabolism is
generation of ADP.
generation of ATP.

oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
degradation of organic molecules.
biosynthesis.
3. What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?
It is reduced to lactic acid.
It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
It is catabolized in glycolysis.
It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
4. Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by
a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
5. How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?
Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
These are other names for glycolysis.
Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.
6. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate
a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
d) Both a and b
e) Both b and c
7. Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?
The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid

The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 andH2O
The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
The production of ATP from glucose
The production of ethanol from glucose
8. A reaction that yields energy has a
positive ?Go?.
negative ?Go?.
positive ?Eo?.
negative ?Eo?.
negative ?Ho?.
9. Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause
a) electrons generally accompany protons.
b) protons generally accompany protons.
c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
10. Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?
It involves the reduction of oxygen.
It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
It does not generate ATP.

1. Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?

a. H2O

b. CO2

c. O2

d. both O2 and CO2

e. both H2O and CO2

2. Organisms that derive their chemical energy either from the process of chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are classified as

a. autotrophs.

b. parasites.

c. heterotrophs.

d. saprophytes.

e. mutualists.

3. The carbon source for organisms that derive their energy from photosynthesis is

a. carbon monoxide.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. hydrocarbons.

d. methane.

e. glucose.

4. The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from

a. carbon dioxide.

b. glucose.

c. ribulose bisphosphate.

d. water.

5. When chlorophyll a molecules absorb energy, the molecules

a. release electrons.

b. release X-rays.

c. release energy.

d. release electrons and X-rays.

e. release electrons and energy.

6. The flow of what particle across the thylakoid membrane powers the production of ATP?

a. electrons

b. hydrogen ions

c. oxygen

d. carbon dioxide

e. phosphate ions 2

7. The light-independent reactions were discovered by

a. M. D. Hatch.

b. Andrew Benson.

c. Melvin Calvin.

d. Robert Hill.

e. both Andrew Benson and Melvin Calvin.

8. For each six atoms of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reactions, how many molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) are produced?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 6

d. 12

e. 15

Chapter 7

9. The ultimate source of energy for living things is

a. the Krebs cycle.

b. fossil fuels.

c. the sun.

d. glycolysis.

e. aerobic respiration.

10. When molecules are broken apart in respiration

a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.

b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.

c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

d. ATP is converted into ADP.

e. ADP is released as a waste product.

11. ATP

a. can be produced by photosynthesis.

b. is produced in the degradation of organic compounds such as glucose.

c. is generated in anaerobic respiration.

d. is released in aerobic respiration.

e. all of these

12. Which part of the energy-releasing pathway can convert all carbon that enters to carbon dioxide?

a. fermentation

b. glycolysis

c. Krebs cycle

d. electron transport

e. phosphorylation

13. Which liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?

a. aerobic respiration

b. anaerobic respiration

c. alcoholic fermentation

d. lactate fermentation

e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.

14. Aerobes use ________ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation.

a. hydrogen

b. carbon

c. oxygen

d. H2O 3

15. Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of

a. NADP.

b. pyruvate.

c. NAD+.

d. NADH.

e. H2O.

16. Glycolysis

a. occurs in the mitochondria.

b. results in the production of pyruvate.

c. occurs in the cytoplasm.

d. occurs in the mitochondria and results in the production of pyruvate.

e. results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

17. The end product(s) of glycolysis is(are)

a. acetyl CoA.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. pyruvate.

d. glucose.

e. glucose and carbon dioxide.

18. Which is capable of being reduced during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

a. NAD+

b. FAD+

c. ADP

d. NADH

e. NADP+

19. The Krebs cycle takes place in the

a. ribosomes.

b. cytoplasm.

c. nucleus.

d. mitochondria.

e. chloroplasts.

20. The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of

a. energy.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. oxygen.

d. energy and oxygen.

e. energy and carbon dioxide.