BIO 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Fructose, Ethanol Fermentation, Citric Acid Cycle
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11 Apr 2017
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Lecture #22 uncoupling, fermentation, & regulation. +o2: nadh converted back to nad+ in ets -> glycolysis and krebs. O2: all nad+ will eventually be consumed -> glycolysis stops. Alcoholic fermentation some anaerobic orgs some aerobic orgs in absence of o2 ex: yeast complete recycling of nad+ releases co2. Lactic acid fermentation in animal muscles when o2 supply is limited in some bacteria (yogurt) complete recycling of nad+ fate of lactate: converted back to pyruvate when o2 returns, converted to glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis) Product: either ethanol and co2 or lactic acid. Most reactions in cells are reversible, which allows the cell to easily adjust levels of reactions and/or intermediates in reactions. Other reactions are so exergonic (delta g<<0) that they are considered irreversible. Phosphofructokinase-1 (pfk-1) catalyzes an irreversible reaction in glycolysis. Fructose 6-phosphate + atp -> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + adp. Atp binds with high affinity to pfk-1 active sites (activity at low.
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