BIO 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Myriapoda, Human Genome, Clogging
BIO 201
Lecture 26
Animals
● Animals share which of the following characters?
○ Absorptive heterotrophy
○ Complete digestive tract (mouth and anus)
○ Cephalization (heads)
○ Locomotion (movement)
○ Cells orgaized ito tissues → spoges do’t hae tissues!
○ Multicellularity
○ Bilateral symmetry
○ Cell walls
● Bilaterians: Protostomes
○ Bilaterally symmetrical
○ Two triploblastic monophyletic groups: protostomes and deuterostomes
○ Protostomes have far more species and individuals
○ In protostomes, the embryonic blastopore becomes the mouth as the animal develops
● Protostomes: trait loss is common
○ The protostomes common ancestor had a coelom, but body cavity forms have
undergone modifications:
■ Some lineages have lost the coelom and reverted to an acoelomate state.
● Loss of traits → dead gees
○ Mutations constantly occur in living things - including you!
○ Mutations occur in coelom gene development of the body cavity
○ Body cavity does not develop normally, but has no negative impact on survival -
flators do’t urro
○ Genes continue to auulate utatios ad eoe pseudogees of dead gees i
the genome
○ Even we have dead genes in our cells!
● Trait loss
○ Hua geoe: dead gees or pseudogees eist for the produtio of egg olk
○ Human phenotypes: small yolk sac is still visible in human anatomy
● Mollusks: form and function
○ Foot - large, muscular structure originally for locomotion and support of internal organs;
has been modified in different groups
○ Visceral mass - heart, digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs
○ Mantle - fold of tissue that covers organs in the visceral mass; secretes the calcareous
shell
○ In most species, the mantle extends beyond the visceral mass to form a mantle cavity.
Within this are gills for gas exchange.
● Mollusks: Radula
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Document Summary
Cells orga(cid:374)ized i(cid:374)to tissues spo(cid:374)ges do(cid:374)"t ha(cid:448)e tissues! Two triploblastic monophyletic groups: protostomes and deuterostomes. Protostomes have far more species and individuals. In protostomes, the embryonic blastopore becomes the mouth as the animal develops. The protostomes common ancestor had a coelom, but body cavity forms have undergone modifications: Some lineages have lost the coelom and reverted to an acoelomate state. Mutations constantly occur in living things - including you! Mutations occur in coelom gene development of the body cavity. Body cavity does not develop normally, but has no negative impact on survival - flat(cid:449)or(cid:373)s do(cid:374)"t (cid:271)urro(cid:449) Genes continue to a(cid:272)(cid:272)u(cid:373)ulate (cid:373)utatio(cid:374)s a(cid:374)d (cid:271)e(cid:272)o(cid:373)e pseudoge(cid:374)es of (cid:862)dead ge(cid:374)es(cid:863) i(cid:374) the genome. Even we have dead genes in our cells! Hu(cid:373)a(cid:374) ge(cid:374)o(cid:373)e: (cid:862)dead ge(cid:374)es(cid:863) or pseudoge(cid:374)es e(cid:454)ist for the produ(cid:272)tio(cid:374) of egg (cid:455)olk. Human phenotypes: small yolk sac is still visible in human anatomy.
