SAR HS 325 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Oral Rehydration Therapy, Viral Pneumonia, Insect Repellent
1 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
Key Terms
• Under 5 – children under 5-years-old
• Neonate – newborns in their first 20 days of birth
• Infant – 29 days to 1-year-old
Common Under 5 Ailments
• Diarrhea – the increased volume of stool and frequency of defecation
o Symptoms: above
o Can Cause: dehydration, loss of electrolytes (ex: sodium, potassium, bicarbonate),
low blood pressure, increased heart rate, rapid breathing, delirium, death
o Transmission: virus (ex: rotavirus) or bacteria (ex: salmonella, E. coli)
o Usually through contaminated food/water
o Prevention: improved sanitary conditions
o Treatment: oral rehydration therapy, salts (ORT)
▪ ORT = handful of sugar + pinch of salt + liter of clear water
▪ Why is this method successful?
• Easy to teach, easy to orchestrate, inexpensive materials
▪ Why are mothers unable to recognize diarrhea?
• Mothers think that in order to stop defecating infants must stop
consuming
• Pneumonia – when part of a lung fills with fluid and oxygen and carbon dioxide cannot
be effectively exchanged
o Symptoms: cough, rapid breathing, feelings of drowning (as lungs fill with fluid)
o Can Cause: Acute Respiratory Illness (ATI) of the lower respiratory tract
o Transmission: virus (ex: flu) or bacteria (ex: droplets of fluid after severe sneezes
or coughs)
o Prevention: vaccine
▪ Usually given to children, immunocompromised patients, elderly patients
o Treatment: antibiotics (bacterial pneumonia), supportive care such as breathing
routines/cough medicine (viral pneumonia)
• Malaria
o Symptoms: fever, flu-like symptoms
o Can Cause: coma, cerebral malaria, anemia, death
o Transmission: parasite (ex: bites of infected mosquitos)
o Prevention: long sleeves/pants, sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets,
window screens, insect repellent)
▪ Other Methods
• Source Reduction – removal of present location of mosquito
breeding sites
• Sterile FINISH NOTES
o Treatment: anti-malarial tablets, preventative measures
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
TED TALK - MALARIA
Malaria – an infectious disease from a parasite carried in the bites of infected mosquitos
• Malaria is the oldest and deadliest disease in history
• A cure has been available since 1600 and preventative measures have been identified
since 1897
• There are four main reasons for why Malaria remains such a prominent disease
o Scientific
▪ The Malaria-causing parasite is one of the most complex pathogens
• Continually evolves and thrives in all environments
▪ There is no drug treatment because it is hard to combat each stage
▪ Malaria can remain undetected for days/weeks/months/years/decades
▪ There are only 12 species of mosquitos that carry malaria in specific
environments
o Economic
▪ Malaria is more likely to occur in poverty-stricken and remote areas
• There is usually a lack of electricity, no screens/windows, access to
repellent or other preventative measures
▪ Important to note that poverty causes Malaria but is also caused by
Malaria
• Malaria inhibits individuals from working, which can affect the
environment and others around them
• A country’s economic growth is depressed by 1.3% from one
disease
o Cultural
▪ Malaria is regarded differently across the world
• ex: Malaria is seen as a deadly infectious disease in America but is
seen as a commonality in places such as Africa
• As a result, people from Africa will not see a need to fight Malaria
o Political
▪ Political leaders usually will not acknowledge or act on Malaria
• 1950 – the first concerted attack against Malaria
o They understood the economic/cultural challenge but failed to understand the
scientific challenge (when they stopped doing their research)
o Had a patronizing view that backfired and led to widespread distrust and a resurge
of Malaria which was even deadlier
• 1990 – the latest attack against Malaria
o They understand the economic/scientific challenge but are struggling against the
cultural challenge
• Malarious Way of Life
o It is difficult to attack Malaria from both inside and outside malarious societies
▪ We can educate and convince others to use the tools we have created but
that wastes time/money/resources/infrastructure
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Key terms: under 5 children under 5-years-old, neonate newborns in their first 20 days of birth. Important to note that poverty causes malaria but is also caused by. Reproductive health: safe sex, prevention & treatment of stds, contraception, fertility/infertility, sexual health, pregnancy, childbirth. Family planning the decision making about the desired number of children, spacing of pregnancies, the use of contraceptives and overall informed choices: benefits: reduce abortion rates, prevent the transmission of hiv/stds, prevent unintended pregnancies. Seven birth control methods: hormonal patch, pill, vaginal ring, shot, imp land (goes in arm, barrier male/female condom spermicidal foam/sponge, sterilization vasectomy, tubal ligation, behavioral abstinence, outercourse, withdrawal, breast feeding, fertility awareness. Intrauterine devices (iud) copper iuds, hormonal iuds methods (fam: emergency morning-after-pill, dual protection condoms, hormonal contraception method. Female condoms: protects against pregnancy if used correctly, not entirely successful (ex: it can become dislodged/damage if intercourse is too rough, cannot be used at the same time as male condoms.
