BIO200H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Median Toxic Dose, List Of Compositions By Johann Sebastian Bach, Disturbance Storm Time Index

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28 Oct 2014

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The laws governing drug development have made it very slow and expensive. 3-4 years in animal trials and 10 years in human trials. They need to get it patented, and the first 15 20 years they have to make enough to pay off the cost. Do it in animals in the preclinical trials. Do it in humans in the early clinical trials, in phase 1 or 2. The basic measurements and indices used need to be known by all pharmacologists. How to measure drug effects in the laboratory. At the proper time (administration/test interval) how long it takes the drug to work depends on how the long it takes the drug to work, and how it is administered. Some drugs are broken down quickly, so if you administer the drug a while later, the drug effects will be hard to see. Therefore, you must know the right interval to test. Must not test too early or too late.

Related Questions

1) The neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine are digested by enzymes that are located at the axon synapse or within the axon terminal of the neurons.

a)What are the names of these different types of enzymes?

b)Where are they located and what is the result of their enzymatic activity?

2) Explain how the Investigational New Drug process works as well as the four different phases of clinical trials. Why are some drugs still taken off the market after approval by the FDA?

3) A single IV injection of 100 mg drug with a half-life of 4 hours is administered to a young adult.

a) Plot drug concentration versus time on a graph making certain to clearly label.

b) How long will it take to eliminate > 95% of the drug?

c) If the volume of distribution is 4L, what is the clearance of the drug?

4) Many drugs are metabolized in the liver through the microsomal metabolizing system.

a) What specific enzymes are involved in this metabolism?

b) What are the main functions of these enzymes?

c) What are some factors that can contribute to individual drug metabolism variation? Explain.

5) Think of an emergency situation requiring immediate and intense physical exertion.

a) List as many body organs as you can and predict the desired level of activity [increased or decreased].

b) Which neurotransmitter would produce these effects and through what receptors?

6) It is interesting that a drug can produce a therapeutic effect and an undesired side effect in one situation, and that the same drug side effect may be considered a therapeutic effect in another situation. Explain this phenomenon using the drug promethazine as an example.

7) A patient brought into the emergency room is experiencing severe hypotension. Blood pressure reads 90/50.

a) What class of drugs is indicated for treatment and why?

b) What precautions should be observed when these drugs are administered?

c) What would be the first indication that too much drug has been administered?

8) Only certain drugs are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier.

a) How is the blood brain barrier different than barriers found in other areas of the body? Be specific.

b) What properties of drugs will make it more likely to cross the blood brain barrier? Explain your answers.

9) A 32-year-old, presents to the Emergency Department by ambulance with vomiting, confusion, salivation, and respiratory distress. The patient states that he was feeling fine until today when I started getting ill. He then vomits. During a physical exam you record the following information: Heart rate 45; Blood pressure 90/60; Respiratory rate 25; Temperature 36.6C; Pupils constricted. During your exam, 4 more ambulances arrive with patients with similar symptoms. You find out they were all riding in the same care on the Red Line when they began feeling ill.

a) What do you feel is happening and why?

b) Would you expect their symptoms to improve over time? Why or why not?

c) What drug would you prescribe to treat these patients and why?

10) Betty has diabetes and asthma. She also has developed high blood pressure, for which doctor just prescribed propranolol. One of your duties as a physicianâs assistant is to make sure patients are not prescribed drugs that are contraindicated because of other health problems.

a) What should you tell the doctor about Bettyâs prescription for propranolol and why?

b) Is there a more appropriate drug for Betty? Explain you answer.

Please answer the question after reading the paragraph.

We have a global health challenge in our hands today, and that is that the way we currently discover and develop new drugs is too costly, takes far too long, and it fails more often than it succeeds. It really just isn't working, and that means that patients that badly need new therapies are not getting them, and diseases are going untreated. We seem to be spending more and more money. So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D, we're getting less drugs approved into the market. More money, less drugs. Now we have a whole pipeline of different organ chips that we are currently working on in our labs. Now, the true power of this technology, however, really comes from the fact that we can fluidically link them. There's fluid flowing across these cells, so we can begin to interconnect multiple different chips together to form what we call a virtual human on a chip. Now we're really getting excited.We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips, but what our goal is is to be able to recreate sufficient functionality so that we can make better predictions of what's going to happen in humans. For example, now we can begin to explore what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug. Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler, we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs, how it enters the body, how it might affect, say, your heart. Does it change the beating of your heart? Does it have a toxicity? Does it get cleared by the liver? Is it metabolized in the liver? Is it excreted in your kidneys? We can begin to study the dynamic response of the body to a drug. Organs on chips could also change the way we do clinical trials in the future. Right now, the average participant in a clinical trial is that: average. Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female. You won't find many clinical trials in which children are involved, yet every day, we give children medications, and the only safety data we have on that drug is one that we obtained from adults. Children are not adults. They may not respond in the same way adults do. There are other things like genetic differences in populations that may lead to at-risk populations that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction. Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations, put them on chips, and create populations on a chip. This could really change the way we do clinical trials. And this is the team and the people that are doing this. We have engineers, we have cell biologists, we have clinicians, all working together. We're really seeing something quite incredible at the Wyss Institute. It's really a convergence of disciplines, where biology is influencing the way we design, the way we engineer, the way we build. It's pretty exciting.

Question: For years, technology and medicine have joined together to pave the way or even solve some of the worldâs greatest issues in healthcare. These issues include but are not limited to incurable diseases and disorders like AIDS and cancer. According to Geraldine Hamilton however, we as a population are spending too much money to develop drugs and solutions to these issues, only to be at a deficit with the drugs actually produced. She believes that one of the keys is how we test these drugs and finding more efficient ways to do so. As a result, she suggests the use of organs on chips, an innovation created and pioneered by her lab. The use of organs on chips could change the way new drugs are released and tested, thus possibly furthering the process of creating solutions to healthcareâs problems. Where is the fine line between technology and human innovation? Is human innovation gradually becoming depending on technology? (At least two paragraphs, a paragraph is at least 5 sentences long.)

1
Which of the following is a component of the HIV virus ?
A
DNA
B
Capsid
C
Nucleus
D
CD4 receptor
Answered
Change your responses to resubmit
2
Assigned as
Homework
2
What is the function of Reverse Transcriptase?
A
To insert the viral RNA into the host DNA.
B
To make an RNA copy of the viral RNA.
C
To make an RNA copy of the viral DNA.
D
To make a DNA copy of the viral RNA.
E
To insert the viral DNA into the host DNA.
Unanswered
Submit
3
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Homework
3
Which of the following stages describes a HIV patient in who has a large number of severe opportunistic infections?
A
Primary HIV infection-lasts for a few weeks
B
Clinically asymptomatic stage-lasts for an average of ten years
C
Symptomatic HIV infection
D
Clinical AIDS
Unanswered
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4
Assigned as
Homework
4
Which of the following individuals should be tested for HIV?
A
A newborn child
B
Alex, who studies excessively
C
Sarah, who takes birth control
D
Joe, who uses intravenous steroids
Unanswered
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5
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Homework
5
Harry engaged in risky activity that may have lead to exposure to HIV. Two and a half weeks later, he had an HIV test done and it showed a positive result. Which test most likely was done?
A
CD4 test
B
HIV antibody test
C
PCR test
D
Viral load test
Unanswered
Submit
6
Assigned as
Homework
6
How does an Integrase inhibitor work against the HIV virus?
A
It inhibits the generation of viral DNA from viral RNA.
B
It prevents the entry of HIV into the host cell.
C
It inhibits viral proteins from being inserted into new virus particles.
D
It prevents viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
E
It prevents the generation of new viral proteins.
Unanswered
Submit
7
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Homework
7
How does a Protease inhibitor work to treat HIV infection?
A
It prevents the release of new viral particles.
B
It cleaves viral proteins interfering with their function.
C
It prevents the cleavage of host DNA preventing viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
D
It cleaves Reverse transcriptase preventing the generation of viral DNA.
E
It prevents the binding of gp120 to the CD4 protein.
Unanswered
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8
Assigned as
Homework
8
Which of the following describes a combination therapy for HIV infected persons?
A
A preparation used for stimulating a viral response in the body.
B
A single drug given to HIV infected people since interactions with other medications may promote complications in treatment.
C
A drug cocktail-or-combination of antiviral drugs given to HIV infected people since they can be more effective than when given individually
D
A preparation used for stimulating an immune response in the body.
Unanswered
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9
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9
answerable question reference
For HIV to reproduce, which of the following is most critical?
A
Infecting new subjects
B
Producing a Provirus
C
Entering the host cells
D
Taking over the function of DNA in the cell
Unanswered
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10
Assigned as
Homework
10
HIV is a virus which has the following characteristic?
A
It takes of the RNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus
B
It attacks the RNA of the host cell causing cellular death
C
It attacks the DNA of the host cell causing cellular death
D
It takes over the DNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus

BIO200H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Median Toxic Dose, List Of Compositions By Johann Sebastian Bach, Disturbance Storm Time Index

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