BIO200H5 Lecture 2: Introduction to Drugs and Drug Action Part 3

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20 Sep 2018

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If there is one chiral carbon atoms, it will have 2 different structures: we call this enantiomer, r - right handed, s - left handed, the co(cid:373)pou(cid:374)d is achiral if it does(cid:374)"t have a(cid:374)y chiral ce(cid:374)ters. If you have more than one chiral carbon centre, you have even more enantiomer. It is unique in its structure: there is no way there is something similar to it. It is able to make a mirror image to make another compound with the same chemical structure. It is the same alanine, but it is a mirror image: both are amino acids and both are alanine. It is the mirror image of the active form of alanine: not recognized by human enzymes. It is not going to be used for the synthesis of human proteins. Slide 13: drugs can also be chiral or achiral. If the h is towards you, it is left handed.

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Exercise for writers (F):

Address each of the four following critical thinking areas to the statements listed below (B-F)

(I have already completed (A) so you can use it as a reference)

1. Find the conclusion- try to summarize it short enough so a person driving 65mph could read it on a billboard.

2. Establish the premise-

3. Distinguish between fact, opinion, & reasoned (using both fact & opinion) arguments by evaluating its validity

Validity/Truth of a statement can be made by:

Personal experience, reference of an established authority on subject, internal consistency, plus consistence on facts we already know as true.

4. Distinguish faulty reasoning- which is in every one of the statements!

Please answer #1-4 (listed above) for the each of the following quotes:

F. âBut people talk about cap and tax and they arenât sure exactly what weâre talking about. Letâs get back to step one. What is the problem? Why do we have to have this tax in the first place? Itâs about carbon dioxide. Well, what is carbon dioxide? Letâs just go to a fundamental question. Carbon dioxide, Mister Speaker, is a natural byproduct of nature. Carbon dioxide is natural. It occurs in Earth. It is a part of the regular lifecycle of Earth. In fact, life on planet Earth canât even exist without carbon dioxide. So necessary is it to human life, to animal life, to plant life, to the oceans, to the vegetation thatâs on the Earth, to the, to the fowl that â that flies in the air, we need to have carbon dioxide as part of the fundamental lifecycle of Earth. As a matter of fact, carbon dioxide is portrayed as harmful! But there isnât even one study that can be produced that shows carbon dioxide is a harmful gas. There isnât one such study because carbon dioxide is not a harmful gas, it is a harmless gas. Carbon dioxide is natural. It is not harmful. It is part of Earthâs life cycle. And yet weâre being told that we have to reduce this natural substance and reduce the American standard of living to create an arbitrary reduction in something that is naturally occurring in the earth. Well weâre told the crux of this problem is human activity. Itâs humans that are creating more carbon dioxide! Is that true, or is that false? Well, carbon dioxide is a natural part of Earthâs atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is perhaps three percent of the total atmosphere thatâs in the Earth. So if you take a pie chart, and you have all of Earthâs atmosphere, carbon dioxide is perhaps three percent of that total. What part of human activity creates carbon dioxide? If carbon dioxide is a negligible gas and itâs only three percent of Earthâs atmosphere, what part is human activity? Human activity contributes perhaps three

percent of the three percent. In other words, human activity is maybe 3 percent

contributing to the 3 percent of carbon dioxide thatâs in Earthâs atmosphere. Itâs so

negligible â itâs a fraction of a fraction of a fraction of a percent â that it can hardly

be â be quantified.â (Spoken on the House floor on Earth Day, April 22, 2009, by Rep. Michele Bachmann)

All humans can be grouped into ABO and Rh+/- blood groups (at aminimum). Is there any advantage at all to one group or the other?This article hints that there are some pathogens that display apreference to a blood type (for example Schistosomiasis apparentlybeing more common in people with blood group A, although it couldbe that more people have type A in the areas that the parasiteinhabits). Is there any literature out there to support or refutethis claim or provide similar examples?

Beyond ABO-Rh, is there any advantage or disadvantage (excludingthe obvious difficulties in finding a donor after accident/trauma)in the 30 other blood type suffixes recognised by the InternationalSociety of Blood Transfusions (ISBT)?

I'd imagine not (or at least very minimal) but it would beinteresting to find out if anyone knows more.

Multiple answers to each question might be possible!

You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

One step of the Hershey/Chase experiment involved blending the virus/cell mixture before centrifugation and probing the pellet for radioactivity. Why was the blending step necessary?

	To collect the bacteria at the bottom of the tube.
	To break open the bacteria to release the genome.
	To separate the bacteria from the bacteriophages.
	To be able to detect the radioactivity.

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

Explain the 5â to 3â directionality of a DNA stand.

	It is due to the fact that the free 5â carbon is on one end and the free 3â carbon is on the other
	It is due to the fact that new nucleotide are added to the 5â carbon of the previous nucleotide
	It is due to the fact that there are 3 phosphate groups attached to the 5â carbon
	It is due to the fact the complementary strand is 3â to 5â
	More than one of the above explain the 5â to 3â directionality

You accidentally add a mutant dNTP (which has an H instead of an OH connected to the 3â carbon) to a reaction where DNA is being replicated. Which of the following is true of this mutant dNTP?

	It can be incorporated into DNA strand but cannot form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming wild type dNTP
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand but cannot base pair with a complementary nucleotide
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand and can form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming dNTP, but only if it is another mutant dNTP
	It cannot be incorporated into a DNA strand.

Why does DNA polymerase utilize an RNA primer?

	DNA polymerase is unable to initiate strand synthesis but RNA polymerase can
	DNA polymerase can only add a dNTP to an rNTP
	DNA synthesis proceeds in the 3â to 5â when initiating strand synthesis
	Chromosomal DNA contains interspersed RNA fragments
	The RNA primer increases stability of the newly synthesized strand

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BIO200H5 Lecture 2: Introduction to Drugs and Drug Action Part 3

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