BIOC 3300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Adipose Tissue, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein

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coffeeoyster95

4 Apr 2016

School

Dalhousie University

Department

Biochem & Molecular Biology

Course

BIOC 3300

Professor

Mc Leod Roger

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Document Summary

Lecture 18 - integration of metabolism, tissue metabolic profiles, energy for exercise, diabetes type i. Glucose used by most tissues, insulin stimulated uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue: what are effects of epinepherine in the liver, what is the major. Stimulate: glycogen synthesis, tg synthesis, vldl formation, cholesterol synthesis. Lpl activity (uptake of fa from chylomicrons and vldl) G-protein coupled receptors (alpha and beta adrenergic receptors) Muscle: increased glycogenolysis and glycolysis: what is a characteristic symptom of diabetes? hyperglycaemia because of defect or deficiency in insulin secretion, what diabetes is. Type i (juvenile) insulin- dependent: compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Treatment: describe the etiology of type i diabetes. Exposure to virus or toxin may start the process of -cell destruction in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Over a period of years, -cells are destroyed, resulting in decreased insulin production. When insulin secretory capacity falls below a threshold, the symptoms of type.

Related Questions

i) What are the functions of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart muscle? Donât forget the endocrine functions of some of these tissues.

ii) Relate the functions of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart muscle to the dominant metabolic pathways in these tissues. NOTE! , not all pathways take place in all tissues.

iii) What hormones have effects on these tissues and what receptors do they bind to in liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart muscle? Also what are the effects of these hormones on these tissues? Include specifics about pathways and specific enzymes of pathways that are affected .

iv) What metabolic pathways are most active and what are the preferred fuels of these tissues in the fed (high blood glucose) state, under mild fasted (low blood glucose) and under starvation conditions (very low and prolonged low blood glucose concentrations) of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart muscle?

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10- With respect to regulation of fatty acid metabolism chose the FALSE statement from those below?

a) ACC and FAS synthesis is stimulated by Insulin

b) ACC and FAS synthesis is stimulated by the well-fed state

c) Starvation leads to an increase in the synthesis of ACC and FAS.

d) Adipose tissue levels of lipoprotein lipase also are increased by insulin and decreased by starvation.

e) The long-term regulation of fat metabolism is achieved by alteration of the rate of enzyme synthesis and turn-over

14-With respect to the clinical significance of ketogenesis, which of the statements below are FALSE?

a) The Ketone bodies are relatively strong acids

b) The increase of ketone bodies in the blood lowers the pH of the blood.

c) The acidification of the blood by an increase of ketone bodies in the blood is dangerous because it impairs the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen

d) A severe increase of ketone bodies in the blood occurs in untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

e) none of the above

15-With respect to ketogenesis, which statement below is FALSE?

a) Acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate are major substrates for the biosynthesis of neonatal cerebral lipids.

b) In early stages of starvation, the heart and skeletal muscle consumes primarily ketone bodies to preserve glucose for use by the brain.

c) The fate of the products of fatty acid metabolism is determined by an individual's physiological status.

d) Ketogenesis takes place only in the liver.

e) all of the above

cerisewildebeest233

Based on âMorgan: A case of Diabetesâ by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

The Patient:

Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly Â¼ of Morganâs tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:

Test	Morganâs values	Normal range	Pre-Diabetic range	Diabetic range
Plasma glucose, mg/dl	260	70 -139	140 - 199	â¥ 200
Fasting glucose, mg/dl	140	â¤ 99	100 - 125	â¥ 126
A1C, %	7.6	~ 5	5.7 â 6.4	â¥ 6.5
Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml	34	2 - 10	10 - 20	â¥ 20

The recommendation of Morganâs doctor was to improve her exercise, good nutrition, and weight loss. He recommends meeting with a nutritionist to assist Morgan in her weight loss goals. When Morgan got home and told her family the diagnosis they however had LOTS of suggestions on how she can lose weight. Below is a description of the advice given to her by three family members.

Best friend Savannah:

âYou know how Iâve been losing weight? Well, Iâve been on the Atkinsâ Diet. I heard about it on TV. Itâs great! You get to eat steak, chicken wings, and all the good stuff. All you have to do is limit carbohydrate intake. You should definitely give it a try. This diet has been around for years and it has worked for lots of people, including me.â

*Note: Atkinâs Diet recommends: 10% carbohydrates, 55% fats, 35% protein

Brother Alan:

âI think the best thing for you to do is exercise and stop eating all of that pizza and candy and food filled with fat. Our people never used to eat that junk. I say eat meals that are nutritionally balanced and high in fiber and low in refined sugars and saturated fats. And run a lot. Stop sitting around the house.â

Grandfather:

âMorgan, it is true that it is best to live in harmony and balance â to eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and âgoodâ fats to meet your bodyâs needs. That is good. But look to your heritage. Our people were never overweight before we started eating âcivilizedâ food. Look to our native diet. I think you should look to traditional herbal remedies for help. What Alan says is true. Exercise is good. But it is sometimes not enough. Our people have always looked to natural medicine for cures. They will lift your spirits and energize you. Then you will lose weight and you will be healthy again. I hear the herbs from the diet shop are safe and good. But you must take them like the medicine label says. It canât hurt to try them.â

*Note: these herbal supplements Morganâs grandfather is recommending contain the herb

ephedra (ephedrine).

Question 5:

Given Morganâs metabolic state, what is the primary fuel source for her cells currently?

A. Carbohydrates (glucose)

B. Fats

C. Proteins

D. It is a balance of all three

Question 6:

Metabolic ketoacidosis is a common problem with diabetics, which is caused by which of the following?

A. Excessive oxidation of fatty acids, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.

B. Excessive oxidation of glucose, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.

C. Excessive oxidation of proteins, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood.

D. Hyperglycemia.

Question 7:

Which weight loss suggestion is designed to achieve some level of ketosis?

A. Atkins Diet

B. Exercise

C. High fiber diet

D. Herbal treatments

Question 8:

One major side effect of the herbal supplement can be hot flashes and increased perspiration due to increased thermogenesis, what is the likely cause of the heat production?

A. Increasing the activity of phosphfructokinase-1.

B. Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

C. Increasing the activity of citrate synthase.

D. Increasing the activity of uncoupling proteins.

Question 9:

Would substituting fiber and complex carbohydrates (larger % cellulose) for the simple sugars and starches (high sucrose and amylose/amylopectin) help Morgan lose weight, why?

A. Yes, because complex carbohydrates like cellulose are largely indigestible so they pass through

the digestive tract without being absorbed.

B. Yes, cellulose contains less glucose residues than amylose or amylopectin.

C. Yes, because the fructose in sucrose is much more responsible for weight gain than the glucose.

D. No, because cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin are all composed of glucose so it doesnât

matter.

Question 10:

Which weight loss suggestion will lead to an increased need for gluconeogenesis?

A. Atkins Diet

B. Exercise

C. High fiber diet

D. Herbal treatments

BIOC 3300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Adipose Tissue, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein

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