BIOC 3300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Centroacinar Cell, Carboxypeptidase E, Signal Peptide

31 views2 pages

coffeeoyster95

4 Apr 2016

School

Dalhousie University

Department

Biochem & Molecular Biology

Course

BIOC 3300

Professor

Mc Leod Roger

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Study online at quizlet. com/_181joc: overview of major pathways of energy metabolism, which state. Is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone? signals fed state building of energy stores. Decreases blood glucose increase or decrease blood glucose: which state. Is glucagon an anabolic or catabolic hormone: does glucagon. Islets of langerhans: endocrine cells that secrete hormones into bloodstream. Glucose enters, goes through glycolysis and releases atp. Atp inhibits k+ export out of cell (causing depolarization) Voltage dependent ca2+ channel is activated, which activates fusion of secretory vesicles containing insulin with the plasma membrane. A + b chain: what is the structure of the insulin receptor, summarize the effects of insulin and glucagon in the body: Adaptor proteins (shc/grb2, irs) bind to phosphotyrosine on receptor amino acids have on insulin secretion in the presence of glucose: what effect do. Prevents a rise in insulin and hypoglycaemia if a high protein, low carb meal is eaten stimulates glycogen mobilization through enzyme phosphorylation.

Related Questions

i need question number nine please

Case Study Section 2 â glycolysis
Based on âMonday at the Metabolic Clinic, Adventures in Glycolysisâ by Nancy Boury (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

Background:
You have been chosen for a very competitive undergraduate clinical internship at St. Visintainerâs Hospital and Metabolic Clinic working with Dr. Saccharo, an expert in enzyme deficiency disorders related to glycolysis. Before your first day Dr. Saccharo has asked that you review the reactions of glycolysis and the concept of isoenzymes.

Recall that isoenzymes are groups of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction in that they use the same reactants to product the same products. They may have different genes, tissue expression, developmental timing of expression, and affinities for their substrates. As an example, phosphofructokinase-1 has 3 isoenzyme forms: PFK-L is expressed in the liver and the gene is found on chromosome 21; PFK-M is expressed in the muscle and the gene is found on chromosome 12; and PFK-P is expressed in platelets and the gene is found on chromosome 10.

Question 1:
If a person would be deficient in all 3 forms of PFK-1, this person would .
A. Have lower than normal glycogen stores.
B. Have more mitochondrial activity than normal.
C. Be dead.
D. Produce more energy per glucose molecule because glycolysis would be unregulated.

It is now Monday morning and you are ready to start seeing patients with Dr. Saccharo.

Patient 1:
Ann is a teenager and avid golfer who was referred to the clinic after being refused at the blood drive and tiring easily on the high school golf course during practice. Ann is examined and a blood sample was obtained for analysis of a glycolysis related metabolic panel. The results of her panel is below (levels: + = normal, - = decreased; ++= increased):
Blood Metabolic Panel
Blood Glucose +
Glucose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate ++
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ++
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ++
Phosphoenolpyruvate ++
Pyruvate -
ATP -
Red Blood Cell Concentration -
Question 2:
Assuming that Dr. Saccharo is correctly assuming that Ann has a defect in glycolysis, what glycolytic enzyme is the most likely to have the defect based on the blood metabolic profile?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
D. Pyruvate Kinase
E. Aldolase

Patient 2:
Marie is a 32-year-old mother of three complaining of fatigue and muscle cramps with exercise. She had always blamed her intolerance to exercise on her sedentary lifestyle. However, she recently joined a gym and after a week of aerobics classes went to her physician, who ordered a series of blood tests. The blood work came back with abnormal results, leading to her muscle biopsy and referral to the metabolic clinic. Marieâs blood was subjected to the same metabolic panel used before with the following results:
Blood Metabolic Panel
Blood Glucose +
Glucose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate -
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -
Pyruvate -
ATP -
Red Blood Cell Concentration -

Marieâs muscle biopsy was also analyzed and showed an excess of glycogen.

Question 3:
What is the most likely enzyme deficiency for Marie?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
D. Pyruvate Kinase
E. Aldolase

Question 4:
If you wanted to test the ability of red blood cells to complete glycolysis what compound would you try to detect?
A. Fructose-6-phosphate
B. Aldolase
C. Pyruvate
D. Phosphofructokinase
E. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 5:
If you used a sample of Marieâs blood for this, what compound could you add to enable these cells to complete glycolysis?
A. Glucose
B. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon
E. Fructose-6-phosphate

Patient 3:
Leo is a 25-year-old accountant that is not anemic, has perfect teeth, but has experienced two fainting spells recently. One happened after accidentally drinking a non-diet soda; the other after eating ânaturally sweetenedâ fruit salad. His dentist referred him to Dr. Saccharoâs clinic. Dr. Saccharo suspects Leo may have Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) and has recommended a closely monitored fructose tolerance test.

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance is a recessive disorder where individuals lack a functional copy of one isoform of the enzyme aldolase, specifically Aldolase B (also known as fructose-1-phosphate aldolase). In the liver, fructose is phosphorylated by Fructokinase to fructose-1-phosphate, then is cleaved by Aldolase B to glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Fructose-1-phosphate is also a known allosteric inhibitor of Glycogen Phosphorylase, the primary enzyme responsible for releasing glucose from glycogen.

Question 6:
As compared to a normal individual that consumes fructose, a person with HFI who ingested fructose would have (select all that apply):
A. High levels of blood fructose
B. High levels of blood fructose-1-phosphate
C. High levels of blood glucose
D. Low levels of blood fructose
E. Low levels of blood glucose

That afternoon Leo undergoes the fructose tolerance test with the following results:

Question 7:
Based on the results of the test, what was the effect of giving Leo the intravenous fructose?
A. A rise in blood glucose levels
B. A decrease in blood glucose levels
C. An increase in glycogen stores
D. A rapid drop in blood pressure

However there were complications: Soon after the test Leo orders and drinks a cup of tea, but after half the cup Leo passes out. Dr. Saccharo orders two sequential blood glucose checks. The first was 50 mg/dl and 15 minutes later Leoâs blood glucose was down to 40 mg/dl. With those results Dr. Saccharo injected something into Leoâs IV and within minutes Leo was back to normal.

Question 8:
From these results does it appear that Leo has HFI?
A. Yes
B. No
C. It is unclear from the results

Question 9:
What did Dr. Saccharo inject into Leoâs IV line?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Glucose
D. Fructose
E. Phosphofructokinase

Dr. Saccharo puts Leo on a restricted diet and orders follow-up visits.

Question 10:
Which of the following foods/ingredients would Leo NOT be allowed to eat?
A. Artificial sweeteners
B. High starch foods, such as potatoes
C. Sweet tea made with cane sugar
D. Any dairy products

Dr. Saccharo puts Leo on a restricted diet and orders follow-up visits.

Case Study Section 2 â glycolysis
Based on âMonday at the Metabolic Clinic, Adventures in Glycolysisâ by Nancy Boury (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

Question 9:
What did Dr. Saccharo inject into Leoâs IV line?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Glucose
D. Fructose
E. Phosphofructokinase

indigolocust876

1. Reflexes associated with Golgitendon organs prevent skeletal muscles from

a. stretching toofar

b. contracting with too muchforce

c. accumulating too much lacticacid

d. exercising toolong

2. Why do plasma glucoseconcentrations start to decline after prolonged enduranceexercise?

a. Glucagon releasedecreases.

b. Insulin releaseincreases.

c. Cortisol releasedecreases.

d. Glycogen stores aredepleted.

3. During a graded aerobic exercise,

a. SBP gradually increases while DBP remains same or slightlydecreases.

b. SBP remains same or slightly decreases while DBP graduallyincreases.

4. Factor(s) affecting blood pressure is(are)

a. HR.

b. SV.

c. Q.

d. TPR.

e. All of above.

5. Where does waterportion of sweat come from?

a. Inside of muscle cells.

b. Urine.

c. Plasma.

6. End-diastolic volume (EDV) -end-systolic volume (ESV) =

a. cardiac output(CO).

b. mean arterial pressure(MAP).

c. stroke volume(SV).

d. ejection fraction(EF).

7. The major factor affecting blood flow is

a. viscosity ofblood.

b. length of vessel.

c. radius of vessel.

d. shear stress ofvessel.

8. Accumulation of metabolicby-products in muscle (H⁺,CO₂, heat) leads to

a. vasoconstriction.

b. vasodilation.

c. sympatheticactivation.

d. reduced muscle bloodflow.

9. During a grated exercise until the point ofventilator threshold (VT) occurring,

a. pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases proportionally to exerciseintensity increase.

b. pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases disproportionally toexercise intensity increase.

10. Immediately stopping a steady-statesubmaximal exercise, VE steeply decreases. This decrease is dueto

a. decrease in PCO₂, H⁺, and the coretemperature (metabolic effect).

b. decrease in neural input from CNS and feedback from activemuscle.

11. During the recovery period after asteady-state submaximal exercise, VE gradually decrease because

a. decrease in PCO₂, H⁺, and the coretemperature (metabolic effect).

b. decrease in neural input from CNS and feedback from activemuscle.

12. Valsalvamaneuver is dangerous because

a. sore abdominal muscles.

b. a drop in blood pressure if Valsalva maneuver iscontinued.

c. a dangerous rise in blood pressure immediately afterstarting Valsalva maneuver.

d. b and c are correct.

e. All of above are correct.

13. The point atwhich pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases disproportionately withoxygen consumption (VO₂) during graded exercise iscalled

a. ventilatory threshold (VT).

b. lactate threshold (LT).

c. anaerobic threshold (AT).

14. Which condition duringexercise induces the right shift of hemoglobin's oxygen-binding affinity curve(Bohr effect)?

a. ADP accumulation

b. lower pH

c. mechanical compression ofmuscle capillaries

d. local hypoxia(low O₂)

15. How is bloodpressure response during submaximal exercise different between armsand legs?

a. Arms have a higher.

b. Legs have a higher.

c. They are the same

d. They can't be compared

16. Which of thefollowing does not increase the heart'sstroke volume?

a. Enhanced cardiac filling and ejection

b. Neurohormonal influence

c. Training adaptations that expand blood volume

d. Training adaptations that increase resistance to bloodflow

17. Which of the following willdecrease stroke volume (SV)?

a. increased preload

b. increasedcontractility

c. increased Calcium(Ca²⁺) concentrations

d. increasedafterload

18. For two athletes with sameVO₂max, An athlete who has _____ lactate thresholdpredicts better performance.

a. higher

b. lower

c. It doesn

ochrecricket710

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

BIOC 3300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Centroacinar Cell, Carboxypeptidase E, Signal Peptide

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOC 3300 Lecture 19: BIOC3300 Lecture 19

Related Questions