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ECON 1 Study Guide - Comprehensive Midterm Guide: Absolute Advantage, Historical Cost, Economic Surplus

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peartiger622
6 Feb 2017
School
UCSD
Department
Economics
Course
ECON 1
Professor
Martin Santamaria

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Document Summary

If cost doesn"t matter = 1 student per teacher. There is no such thing as free lunch . Cost of 1 student per teacher vs cost of 300 students per teacher (economic) trade off. Ex: an increase in class size= reduce cost per student (good) Scarcity = wants and needs are unlimited but resources are limited. *allocation of resources happens when resources are scarce. More of one thing = less of another. One way to resolve a trade off is to use the cost-benefit principle. One should take an action if and only if the extra benefit associated with that action exceeds the extra cost. *we want to assume that agents making the decision are being rational* (the following concepts will be based on this scenario) Extra cost: 30 minute walk (but can we assign a monetary value to this cost?) Opportunity cost = the next best alternative decision/action forgone.

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Related Questions

A bowed out PPF reflects which of the following ideas?

i.increasing opportunity cost

ii. resources are not equally productive in all activities

iii. prices of goods increase over time

   

I only
   

I and iii
   

ii and iii
   

I and ii

1 point

QUESTION 2

With no international trade, a country ________ consume at a point outside of its PPF; with international trade, a country ________ consume at a point outside of its PPF.

   

can; cannot
   

cannot; can
   

cannot; cannot
   

can; can

1 point

QUESTION 3

If the production possibilities frontier between two goods is a straight line, then the

   

the line does not qualify as a production possibilities frontier because the unattainable production points are too close to the inefficient production points.
   

opportunity cost is not a ratio.
   

increasing opportunity costs.
   

resources are equally productive in both goods.

1 point

QUESTION 4

As an economy produces more of one of the goods on a bowed out production possibilities frontier, what happens to the opportunity cost of producing the good?

   

It might increase, decrease, or remain constant depending on how much people value the additional units of the good.
   

It decreases.
   

It increases.
   

It remains constant.

1 point

QUESTION 5

"Comparative advantage" is defined as a situation in which one person can produce

   

more of a good than another person.
   

a good for a lower dollar cost than another person.
   

a good for a lower opportunity cost than another person.
   

more of all goods than another person.

1 point

QUESTION 6

When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, as more of one good is produced, its opportunity cost

   

increases.
   

decreases.
   

might increase, decrease, or remain constant depending on how much people value the additional units of the good.
   

remains constant.

1 point

QUESTION 7

A bowed out production possibility frontier shows that the

   

opportunity cost relationship is linear.
   

the opportunity cost of a good is constant as more of the good is produced.
   

the opportunity cost of a good increase as more of the good is produced.
   

the opportunity cost of a good decrease as more of the good is produced.

1 point

QUESTION 8

Which of the following statements is correct?

   

The production possibilities frontier shows that there are no limits to production.
   

Any point on or within the PPF is production efficient.
   

If capital is idle, the economy is producing at its full potential.
   

A tradeoff is a limit that forces an exchange or a substitution of one thing for something else.

1 point

QUESTION 9

A major earthquake occurs in the central part of the United States. What impact would this have on the nation's production possibilities frontier and why?

   

A tradeoff would occur to replace the resources and goods destroyed.
   

It would shift inward because some of the nation's resources, such as capital and labor, would be destroyed.
   

It would shift outward because unemployment would be reduced.
   

Nothing would happen because the nation would still have the same capabilities.

1 point

QUESTION 10

When a nation is producing on its production possibilities frontier, if more resources are used to produce one good, then the production of other goods

   

must increase.
   

must decrease.
   

must remain the same.
   

must change but they might increase or decrease.

1 point

QUESTION 11

Moving along a country's PPF, a reasonable opportunity costs increase is that

   

unemployment increases as a country produce more and more of one good.
   

unemployment decreases as a country produces more and more of one good.
   

some resources are better suited for producing one good rather than the other.
   

technology declines as a country produce more and more of one good.

1 point

QUESTION 12

A reason the production possibilities frontier exists is

   

scarcity of resources and unlimited technology.
   

unemployment.
   

scarcity of resources.
   

unlimited resources and technology.

1 point

QUESTION 13

Moving from one point to another on a production possibilities frontier implies

   

increasing the production of one good and decreasing the production of another.
   

increasing the production of both goods.
   

decreasing the production of both goods.
   

holding the production levels of both goods constant.

1 point

QUESTION 14

Specialization and trade make a country better off because with trade the country can consume at a point

   

outside its production possibilities frontier.
   

on its trading partner's production possibilities frontier.
   

inside its production possibilities frontier.
   

on its production possibilities frontier.

1 point

QUESTION 15

The production possibilities frontier is the

   

the boundary between the combinations of goods and services that can be produced and the combinations that cannot be produced when technology is changing.
   

the minimum output that can be produced when resources are used inefficiently.
   

the boundary between the combinations of goods and services that can be produced and the combinations that cannot be produced, given the available factors of production and the state of technology.
   

maximum output that can be produced at an opportunity cost of zero.

1 point

QUESTION 16

The opportunity cost of economic growth is ________ and the benefit of economic growth is ________.

   

decreased current consumption; decreased future consumption
   

decreased current consumption; increased future consumption
   

increased current consumption; increased future consumption
   

increased current consumption; decreased future consumption

1 point

QUESTION 17

In terms of a nation's production possibilities frontier, what impact does international trade have?

   

International trade shifts the nation's production possibilities frontier outward.
   

International trade shifts the production possibilities frontier outward for the goods that are exported and inward for the goods that are imported.
   

International trade shifts the nation's production possibilities frontier inward.
   

International trade allows the nation to consume at a point outside its production possibilities frontier.

1 point

QUESTION 18

The production possibilities frontier illustrates the

   

goods and services that people want.
   

limits to people's wants.
   

resources the economy possesses, but not it is the level of technology.
   

maximum combinations of goods and services that can be produced.

1 point

QUESTION 19

As we move along the production possibilities frontier,

   

the possibilities of tradeoffs diminish.
   

the production of one good increases as the production of the other good decreases.
   

more of both goods can be produced.
   

a tradeoff is not possible because nations need all goods.

1 point

QUESTION 20

What is the opportunity cost of economic growth?

   

Eliminate scarcity
   

Land.
   

Capital goods.
   

Consumption of goods.

1 point

QUESTION 21

Which of the following statements is correct?

i.As the economy grows, the opportunity costs of economic growth decrease.

ii. Economic growth has no opportunity cost.

iii. The opportunity cost of economic growth is current consumption forgone.

   

ii only
   

iii only
   

I only
   

I and iii

1 point

QUESTION 22

Does economic growth depend upon which of the following?

i. Increasing the quantity of labor.

ii. Lowering the prices of goods and services.

iii. Advancing technology.

   

ii only.
   

I only.
   

I and iii.
   

iii only.

1 point

QUESTION 23

When drawing a production possibilities frontier, which of the following is held constant?

   

the amount of money in the economy
   

the prices of goods and services
   

the quantity of the goods and services that are produced
   

the available factors of production and the state of technology

1 point

QUESTION 24

To increase its economic growth, a nation should

   

encourage spending on goods and services.
   

increase in current consumption.
   

encourage education because that increases the quality of labor.
   

limit the number of people in college because they produce nothing.

1 point

QUESTION 25

The opportunity cost of one more slice of pizza in terms of sodas is the

   

some pizza slices we have to give up to get one extra soda.
   

the total number of sodas that we have divided by the total number of pizza slices that we have.
   

the total number of pizza slices that we have divided by the total number of sodas that we have.
   

the number of sodas we have to give up to get one extra pizza slice.

Microeconomics Multiple choice questions. Please answer all the questions.

1. Scarcity:
A. exists because resources are limited while human wants are unlimited.
B. means we are unable to have as much as we would like to have.
C. will likely be eliminated as technology continues to expand.
D. is not an issue addressed in economics.

2. People are forced to make choices because of:
A. unlimited wants and unlimited resources.
B. limited wants and unlimited resources.
C. unlimited wants and limited resources.
D. limited wants and limited resources.
E. irrational wants and limited resources.

3. Which of the following is closest to the definition of capital?
A. c and e.
B. c and d.
C. Tools, equipment, means of transportation
D. Factories and machinery.
E. Borrowed money.

4. Which one of the following is the most accurate definition of economics?
A. Economics is the study of stocks and bonds.
B. Economics is the study of how people allocate unlimited resources.
C. Economics is the study of how consumers choose to spend their income.
D. Economics is the study of how society chooses to allocate scarce resources.

5. The basic difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics is:
A. microeconomics concentrates on individual markets while macroeconomics focuses primarily on international trade.
B. microeconomics concentrates on the behavior of individual consumers while macroeconomics focuses on the behavior of firms.
C. microeconomics concentrates on the behavior of individual consumers and firms while macroeconomics focuses on the performance of the entire economy.
D. microeconomics explores the causes of inflation while macroeconomics focuses on the causes of unemployment.

6. Which of the following is not a resource?
A. Land.
B. Labor.
C. Money.
D. Capital.

7. Which of the following would an economist classify as capital?
A. 100 shares of Microsoft stock.
B. $50 bill.
C. credit card.
D. lawyer's personal computer.

8. Economics, according to its definition, studies how people:
A. earn and spend money.
B. invest in the stock and bond markets.
C. make choices in the face of scarcity.
D. supply goods in response to demand.

9. Which of the following is the best example of a microeconomic topic?
A. The impact that the money supply has on inflation.
B. The reasons for increases in the price of soft drinks.
C. The effect that federal budget deficits have on the interest rate.
D. The tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.

10. Which of the following is a macroeconomics topic?
A. Wages of textile workers in the Northeast.
B. The cost of producing 10,000 bookcases.
C. The economy's annual growth rate.
D. National demand for fish.
E. Effects of farm subsidies on food prices.

11. An economic theory claims that a rise in gasoline prices will cause gasoline purchases to fall, Ceteris paribus. The phrase "Ceteris paribus" means that:
A. other relevant factors like consumer incomes must be held constant.
B. the gasoline prices must first be adjusted for inflation.
C. the theory is widely accepted but cannot be accurately tested.
D. consumers' need for gasoline remains the same regardless of the price.

12. An economic model is:
A. a plastic scaled version of the economy.
B. a complete depiction of reality.
C. an abstraction from reality.
D. applicable to consumer behavior but not to producer behavior.
E. not an accepted tool of the economics profession.

13. Which of the following sayings best reflects the concept of opportunity cost?
A. "You can't teach an old dog new tricks."
B. "There is no such thing as a free lunch."
C. "I have a baker's dozen."
D. "There's no business like show business."

14. The opportunity cost of watching television is:
A. all of the alternative programs that appear on other stations.
B. zero because there is no money expenditure involved.
C. the alternative use of the time foregone by watching the program.
D. zero if it benefits you.

15. Which of the following does not illustrate opportunity cost?
A. If I study, I must give up going to the football game.
B. If I buy a computer, I must do without a 35" television.
C. More consumer spending now means more spending in the future.
D. If I spend more on clothes, I must spend less on food.

16. When deciding whether to buy a second car, marginal analysis indicates that the purchaser should compare the:
A. benefits expected from two cars with the cost of both.
B. additional benefits expected from a second car with the cost of the two cars.
C. dollar cost of the two cars with the potential income that the cars will generate.
D. additional benefits of the second car with the additional cost of the second car.

17. According to marginal analysis, you should spend more time studying economics if the extra benefit from an additional hour of study:
A. is positive.
B. outweighs the extra cost.
C. exceeds the benefits of the previous hour of study.
D. will raise your exam score.

Need help revising, and recommendation for a conclusion.

Throughout this paper is my understanding of what I have learned in class chapters 1-4, expressing my understanding and opinions. Economics is the study of how we deal with scarce resources. Microeconomics specially deals with business in the home country exclusively. This type of economics affects small businesses in the home country only. On the other hand, macroeconomics concerns our national welfare concerning trade and international business.

I believe that many things affect our economy on a microeconomics level. Things such as our understanding of our country in reflection to the world are very important. That is why we study ourselves before we study the macroeconomic principle of the world. Understanding ourselves is what microeconomics teaches us. Working from the inside out. The world is a place where there are differences in our wants and what we get. That is what makes items scarce. That is what positive economics is. Positive economics deals with what is and what we have. The other type of economics is called normative statements. This deals with what we should receive instead of what is and deserved to some extent. It's our scarce resources that determine our allocation of resources and how we use our resources and time. This is where opportunity costs come in, giving up something to do something. A successful business or country never ignores opportunity costs. We must ensure that we have a comparative advantage instead of the absolute advantage. Our resources must be used to achieve maximum output. Comparative is met when we have fewer opportunity costs to make some certain products than the other person or entity.

My initial understanding was scarcity was oil potentially running out, but we have so much of it that you can always find more with techniques such as fracking. Now it's obvious to me, one of our most scarce resources is time. You cannot avoid the 8,760 hours in a year. I understand that people have unlimited wants but limited resources. Everything has a cost and we must make a choice as we don't have unlimited farms, factories workers, etc. scarcity forces choices and this ties in with opportunity cost, for every gun made, a theft from the hungry is made.€ The opportunity cost not being used to feed the poor, but to make guns. And I find it easy to understand no one can have everything choices must be made on benefits. If I'm going to school, imp giving up making cash, as I'm giving up money for an education, I value education more. Scarcity is also related to the invisible hand. As it's an achievement that leads free markets and capitalism through competition for scarce resources.

My understanding of the invisible hand is a person neither intends to promote public interest and does not know how much he is promoting it. Only intending on his own gain. Without being his intention a person can be lead by the invisible hand to do good for society by pursuing one's own self-interest. Going into equity and efficiency the invisible hand does ensure both equity and efficiency. People work in their selfish ways to maximize profit while also contributing to the economy as a whole. It can also be argued that as the invisible hand wants to ensure efficiency, it cannot guarantee efficiency, because it can fail to produce an efficient allocation of resources, which in turn lead to a market failure. It can also be argued that it can't guarantee equity because not everyone gets a fair price. The way I like to remember efficiency is with a real-life example, like a reduction in the number of workers needed to produce a particular good for a particular amount. Equity refers to the ownership interest in an asset, for example, if a person owns a house with a market value of $800,000 and owes $100,000 on the mortgage leaving a $700,000 equity in the home.

It can be predicted that if the price of beef increases - ceteris paribus-the quantity of beef demanded by buys will decrease. In other words, if the price of beef increases, then the quantity of beef increases, then the quantity of beef demanded will decrease because all things have to be equal. In-class lecture thought me all other things remaining the same.€ Economists use ceteris paribus to determine the effect of a factor when all other factors have been held the same and helps simplify the study and get a more refined data set.

Economists deal with many issues that pertain to assuring that both a countries domestic output is efficient and that there is an effective trade balance. This means that there are a balance and limit on the amount of imports. Also, this means home production must be able to meet export demands. There are many factors that affect the production of goods and their effect on shifting the production possibilities frontier. This involves evaluating every detail including knowing the products and any close substitutes and compliments. It also involves knowing how an action or other external force will affect demand. This is called price elasticity; Substitutes are products that can replace any given product or service. An example of this would be Coke and Pepsi. The presence of substitutes affects price elasticity because if there are other options, then any change to the price or quality of the product will cause a shift of the demand curve. O course, price is a huge reason why the demand for a product decreases or increases yet it doesn't shift the curve because of the price only. This price change will cause a domino effect that will end with the shifting of the demand curve because it will cause an increase or decrease in demand of the substitute good if the price change is either lower or higher respectively. This price change serves as a catalyst that will change people's desire to spend more money on a more expensive product and that will instead choose to buy the substitute good for cheaper or buy more of the desired product. The change in the price of actual products will not shift the demand curve yet the change of the price of substitutes will because it serves to change people's purchasing behavior. On the other hand, compliments serve to boost demand when there is a decrease in price. The use of complementary goods is dependent upon another product. An example of this would be hot dogs and buns. If the price of hotdogs decreases then, conversely, the demand for hot dog buns will increase because of this change in price. In this scenario, the decrease in price will cause a positive shift in the demand curve because of people's desire and willingness to buy more buns. This is an example of a demand shifter. There are a few other demand shifters. The shifters of the demand curve are changes in expectations, disposable income, price of substitute goods and complements, tastes and preferences, and population size and composition. Changes in income affect the demand curve because if income is lower then people tend to save any extra income instead of wasting it. Disposable income is minimized and spending is lower. This also causes people to see a perceived value of things and distinguishing between what is necessary and what is a relative luxury. The lower the income, the higher the saving and avoidance to spend. An example of this would be if someone needs to buy some medication and it is relatively expensive, that doesn't mean that someone won't buy the medication just because it is expensive. It is necessary. Other factors that contribute to spending and demand are having a price ceiling and price floor. Having a price ceiling is a limit on the price of the product this is a government-imposed idea that is meant to protect consumers from unfair pricing and other conditions that may be malicious or obscure. This affects demand because if there is a price ceiling there is a limit on profit on a unit-to-unit basis. The other factor is the price floor. This price floor was created to encourage competition and affect consumers' willingness to pay because sometimes this new price may be higher than the original price. This causes a negative impact on a product that has a less than wanted perceived value. Many factors contribute to economic prosperity and certainly do help assure that information is analyzed and implemented into an economic and business plan.