NUTR 4550- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 74 pages long!)

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29 Mar 2018

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Slide 1: using energy in response to a meal (figure 12. 7) Fatty acids will go through the carnitine-palmitoyl pathway and then b-oxidation to break down into acetyl-coa: this acetyl-coa will then enter the tca cycle and go through the electron transport chain to form atp. Glucose will go through glycolysis to release 2 pyruvate, go through the tca cycle, and then the electron transport chain. Amino acids have three routes after being ingested: 1. It can go straight into the tca cycle and then the electron transport chain (etc) The electron transport chain produce around 30 atp and water as a by product. Nadh and fadh2 have two different attachment points during etc: 2. An amino acid could become acetyl-coa to form ketone bodies (acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) When in excess, the acetyl-coa could form fatty acids and be stored: 3. The amino acid could turn into pyruvate to enter gluconeogenesis. Purely ketogenic pathway proteins: leucine, lysine.

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Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose monomer and dimers. Glucose is converted to pyruvate and then to acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and is broken down to CO2 and in the process produces NADH & FADH2, which is utilized in the generation of ATP via the electron transport chain. Why does the cell go through this elaborate pathway to convert glucose to carbon dioxide and water and in the process generate ATP? Why not use a simpler and shorter mechanism to breakdown glucose?

1)Pyruvate is one of the products of glycolysis that can be used by aerobic organisms to extract additional energy. Explain what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis, name the multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes this reaction, and name the cycle that the product feeds into.

2)Suppose you start with 1 molecule of glucose and go through glycolysis to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate. These 2 molecules of pyruvate are then converted into acetyl CoA which then go through the TCA cycle. Theoretically, how many total ATP can be formed through this process? (Account for NADH/FADH₂ produced). Show where each molecule of ATP is generated from.

3)Name the five types of membrane-bound electron carriers. All of the redox centers within the respiratory chain that accept and donate electrons are prosthetic groups except which?

4)Peroxisomes are the site of what? What properties do peroxisomes share with mitochondria?

Question 18

The process that forms new glucose in the liver is called ...

	A.	glycogenolysis
	B.	Krebs cycle
	C.	lipolysis
	D.	gluconeogenisis
	E.	oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

A person exercises in their âfat burning zoneâ for 4 hours at 35% VO₂peak. The O₂ cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O₂):

	A.	The subject is in neutral energy balance
	B.	The subject consumed fewer calories than they expended during exercise
	C.	The subject consumed more calories than they expended during exercise
	D.	Canât say

Question 52

The primary purpose of the citric acid cycle is...

		aerobic glycolysis
		gluconeogenesis using lactate
		the decarboxylation of carbon compounds to produce NADH.
		the shuttling of hydrogen ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 51

In aerobic ATP production, the role of oxygen is to...

		to keep the electron transport chain operational
		to accept electrons from the 3rd cytochrome and thereby oxidizing it so it can accept new electrons
		act as a oxidizing agent by accepting electrons from the electron transport chain and combining with hydrogen ions (protons)
		all of the above

Question 50

Glucose is necessary for fatty acid oxidation because...

		its derivative, pyruvate, is condensated with carbonic acid to form oxaloacetate, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle
		it is needed to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA which in turn is oxidized to acetyl CoA
		glucose is decarboxylated into cytochrome oxidase which is a necessary intermediate in the citric acid cycle
		its derivative, acetyl CoA, is condensated with carbonic acid to form lactase, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

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NUTR 4550- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 74 pages long!)

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