Evaluate briefly the philosophical stance of Quality Gurus: Philip Crosby and
Joseph Juran on the following thematic areas:
i. General Approach to Quality
ii. Structure
iii. Performance Standards/Motivation
iv. Cost of Quality
v. Improvement basis

 

Most organizations in their bid to increase performance plan and implement activities to improve the total quality program to achieve their set targets. Briefly discuss with practical examples, 5 techniques or tools used to DEFINE (use DMAIC model) a process that requires improvement. 

GLOBAL ENGINEERING STRATEGY

CASE STUDY (Write 3,000 words)

Strategic management has been widely used by all enterprises to survive aggressive market competition. The strategic planning process is considered objective, logical, systematic approach for making major decisions in an organization (Breene et al. 2007, Brews et al., 2007). It allows effective decisions to be made under conditions of uncertainty. The strategic management process has three stages: strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation (David, 1998). Strategy plan development is the first step and a vital element that companies should have to withstand fierce market competition and to improve its business performance.

A chemical household cleaning company located in Ghana has tried many different management methods during the last 4 years to improve its business performance.

Most manufacturing companies in the sub-saharan Africa are facing aggressive local, regional and international competition. Strategic management process equips the companies with set of capabilities that allow the companies to survive in such environment. Because of this, Ghanaian companies are forced to adopt strategic planning concepts. This will help set its vision, mission, and build strength. In addition, adopting strategic planning will help in resolving their weaknesses, exploiting opportunities, and avoiding threats. The chemical cleaning household industry is experiencing a very competitive era like many others, thus it is curial to find methods to reduce manufacturing costs, improve quality etc. Alaska Company for Chemical Industries started its operations in January 2018. It is located in the Industrial hub of the capital city of Accra. It specializes in the production of household cleaning chemicals such as dishwashing detergents, bleaching liquid, liquid laundry detergent, floor detergents, shampoo, body wash, and hairstyle gel. Currently, they supply their products to the local market.

The main objective of this strategic planning process is to develop a strategic plan for

the Alaska chemical cleaning household company. An effective strategic planning process

is achieved by developing an External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFEM) and Internal Factor

Evaluation Matrix (IFEM) followed by a Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT) and then finally a Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) (Meredith et al., 2009). For

achieving the project’s objectives, the following methodologies were utilized and can be

summarized as follows; setting the mission and vision of the company, perform external

assessment, conduct Porter competitiveness Model, conduct Political-Economical-Social-

Technological (PESTLE) analysis, develop External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE), perform. Internal assessment and develop Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths Matrix (TOWS Matrix) and combine it with GSP. Finally, construct Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) to evaluate possible strategies. Riston (2008) pointed out the benefits of external and internal analyses which can be summarized as follows;

• Increase managerial awareness of environmental change
• Improve resources allocation decision
• Facilitating risk management
• Acting as an early warning system
• Focusing attention on primary influences on strategic change

Company Information: The status of the company can be summarized as follows; The company has 24 employees, its market share is around 15% with average profit around 15.5%, it ranks 7 out of 20 among local competitors, it does not have strategic plan vision, mission statement, organization structure, or marketing techniques. It relies on labor –intensive manual processes, it does not have R&D activities, a moderate productivity is estimated with traditional inventory control, it has skilled labors with low turnover. The total sales of the company for the four years are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Total sales and profit during the period 2010-2012

                                        2018 (GHC)  2019 (GHC)  2020(GHC)  2021 (GHC)
Sales                                1,891,840     1,920,785      2,040,896    1,906,725
Cost+ Expenses               1,601,443     1,603,856      1,722,517    1,611,183
Net Profit                         290,397        316,929        318,379       295,542
Net profit as % of sales   15.35%         16.5%           15.6%          15.5%

Case study:

One of the new ventures that Health Buddy Shop is providing prepared food for people who are into keto diet. The management will have its operations meeting sometime next time and it needs to approve its operational expenses which will include the budget for eparing their meal according to the required calaries per person  to attain a particular weight.  Mr. Angelo  has been tasked to handle the operations including the logistics part  which includes  the supplies and raw materials.  Initially, Mr Angelo has come from similar restaurant where ordering on a monthly basis is effective for them in terms of meeting customer requiremnets and meeting the least cost. With this experience, Mr Angelo followed the  same practices from that previous experience and began ordering  food boxes, disposable spoon and fork and paper cups monthly  with a fixed  order quantity of 2,000 pcs per order. Annual demand for the food is also equated to the usage and demand for the said materials which is 24,000 pcs annually.  Food boxes costs  BD 0.150, spoon and fork is BD0.30 while paper cups cost BD 0.20 Maintaing such a volume of materials costs the company BD 5.00 while the cost of ordering from supplier is Bd 12. Mr Angelo wants to ensure that what he will present to the management is correct so he has asked his other friends to  check and validate which in return agreed with his strategy. At its operations meeting, Mr. Angelo intend to declare that the practice is going to save money for the company. However, just before the operations meeting, a trainee named Mr. Rey has come and has been instructed to assess the operations and propose possible improvements that will ensure product quality and at the same  time saving money . Mr . Rey, who is a graduating student of MS Manufacturing  Management saw that there is something wrong with the proposed strategy that Mr. Angelo will implement in terms of order quantity. He objects the practice that is being done when it comes to ordering the food boxes, spoon and for and paper cups.

Answer the following Questions.

1. What is the impact that Mr Angelo’s strategy on the total cost   
2. What is the impact of Rey’s  idea in terms of ordering  inventories. 
3. Having seen the results in Q1 and Q2, what can you conclude to be the best strategy that the company should use? Support your answer with  data