True or False 

Pleiotropy is the term used to describe when two genes interact to produce the phenotype.

Define polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers’ efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes. Should genes be patented? Why or why not?

1. Using the multiplication rule, calculate the probabilities of each genotype occurring from a given cross.

2. Using the multiplication rule and the addition rule, calculate the probabilities of a certain combination of genotypes occurring as the result of a genetic cross.

3. Distinguish between incomplete dominance and codominance, multiple alleles and pleiotropy, epistasis and polygenic inheritance.

4. Explain how each of the following impact the phenotype; incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, environmental influence.

5. Explain the role of the environment in the phenotypic range of some genes.

Review the factors affecting the phenotypes of Mendelian charaters: incomplete dominance,

co-dominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, environmental effect, epistasis, and epigentics with examples.