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13 Dec 2019

Congratulations! You are in charge of the world. List your three most important actions (each) for dealing with the problems of (a) outdoor air pollution, (b) indoor air pollution, (c) projected climate disruption, and (d) depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.

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Related questions

QUESTION 1 In which region of the world would the burden from indoor air pollution be the greatest?

A. Latin America B. The Middle East C. South Asia

QUESTION 2 The leading environmental risk factors for DALYs lost in low-income countries is:

A. Lack of Vitamin D B. Unsafe water, lack of sanitary disposal of human waste, and poor hygiene C. Leaded gasoline

QUESTION 3 What is the most cost-effective approach to reducing indoor air pollution in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia? A. Improving mechanisms for venting smoke B. Moving the kitchen away from the main part of the houses C. Promoting the use of improved stoves

QUESTION 4 Which of the following describes a waterborne infection?

A. The pathogen is in water that is ingested B. Transmission by insects that breed in water or bite near water C. Person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene

QUESTION 5 Which of the following is a health effect associated with outdoor air pollution?

A. Respiratory irritation B. Skin cancer C. Schistosomiasis

QUESTION 6 Which of the following is a waterborne disease?

A. Malaria B. Cholera C. Dengue

QUESTION 7 Which of the following is a waterborne disease?

A. Hookworm B. Malaria C. Cholera

QUESTION 8 Which of the following is responsible for the largest number of DALYs lost in low- and middle-income countries?

A. Urban air pollution B. Lack of proper sanitation, unsafe water, and poor hygiene C. Exposure to toxic chemicals

QUESTION 9 Which of the following is the largest cause of the burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries?

A. Outdoor air pollution B. Indoor air pollution C. Toxic chemicals in the soil

QUESTION 10 Which of the following is the largest contributor to the burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries?

A. Indoor air pollution B. Climate change C. Outdoor air pollution

QUESTION 11 Which of the following sanitation technologies would buy the most health gained in a rural area of a low-income country for the lowest cost?

A. Building pit latrines B. Building a small bore sewer C. Building septic tank systems

QUESTION 12 Which of the following would buy the most health gained in a rural area of a low-income country at the least cost?

A. Building pour flush latrines B. Building pit latrines C. Building a piped sewerage system

QUESTION 13 Which of the following would provide the most health gains at the least cost in an uneducated rural area of a low-income country?

A. Building a piped water supply system B. Promoting a community-based hand washing scheme C. Building a piped sewerage system

QUESTION 14 Which of the following would see the most improvement in health at the lowest cost per DALY averted in a rural area of a low-income country?

A. Promoting a piped water supply system B. Promoting community wells C. Promoting hand washing with soap

QUESTION 15 Who is most affected by poor environmental conditions indoors?

A. Men working in urban cities B. Women and children in urban areas of middle-income countries C. Poor women and children in low-income countries

15. What is the focus of ecological medicine and what are some of its findings regarding the spread of diseases? (1.5 points)



16. There’s another “house” figure in Chapter 14 showing the potentially harmful chemicals found in many homes. List each product (20) and the chemicals they contain. (3 points)



17a. List the five factors that cause people to see a technology or a product as being more or less risky than experts judge it to be. (0.5 point)



17b. List the four guidelines for evaluating and reducing risk. (0.5 point)



18. In Chapter 15, yet another “house” figure shows 14 indoor air pollutants found in many modern homes. List each pollutant, source, and threat. (3 points)



19. List 5 natural factors that reduce outdoor air pollution. (0.5 point)



20. List the 6 major sources of outdoor air pollution (0.5 point).



21. List the 13 harmful effects of ozone depletion, according to your textbook’s “Natural Capital Degradation” figure. (1 point)



22. List the 4 advantages and 4 disadvantages of Carbon and Energy Taxes, according to your textbook’s “Trade-offs” figure. (1 point)



23. List the 4 advantages and 4 disadvantages of Cap and Trade policies, according to your textbook’s “Trade-offs” figure. (1 point)



24. What 13 things can you do to reduce your CO2 emissions, according to your textbook figure? (“Individuals matter”) (1 point)



25. List the 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of recycling, according to your textbook’s “Trade-offs” figure. (1 point)



26. What 8 things can you do to reduce your output of solid waste, according to your textbook figure, Individuals matter? (1 point)



27. What 4 things can you do to reduce your output of hazardous waste, according to your textbook figure, Individuals matter? Keep examples in your example. (1 point)



28. The economies of most of the world’s countries are not truly free-market because they violate which three principles of a free market system? (1 point)



29. List 10 ways we can use economic tools to deal with environmental problems, according to Section 17.2 of your textbook. (0.5 point)



30. Define environmental justice, and describe in some detail two examples of environmental discrimination (injustice). (2 points)

Can you help me completely rephrase this?

Clean Air Act programs have lowered levels of six common pollutants -- particles, ozone, lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide -- as well as numerous toxic pollutants. The emissions have improved in the quality of the air that we breathe. Between 1990 and 2015, national concentrations of air pollutants improved 85 percent for lead, 84 percent for carbon monoxide, 67 percent for sulfur dioxide (1-hour), 60 percent for nitrogen dioxide (annual), and 3 percent for ozone. Fine particle concentrations (24-hour) improved 37 percent and coarse particle concentrations (24-hour) improved 69 percent between 2000, when trends data begins for fine particles, and 2015. Airborne lead pollution, a widespread health concern before EPA phased out lead in motor vehicle gasoline under Clean Air Act authority, now meets national air quality standards in most areas of the country. Further reductions in power plant pollution have been achieved. Efforts to cut interstate air pollution, achieving additional public health benefits and helping downwind states meet health-based air quality standards for fine particles and ozone. . It avoided premature deaths, heart attacks (acute myocardial infarction), millions of cases of respiratory problems such as acute bronchitis and asthma attacks, and hospital admissions, prevented lost workdays, improving worker productivity which contributes to a stronger economy, kept kids healthy and in school, avoiding lost school days due to respiratory illness and other diseases caused or exacerbated by air pollution. Clean air fosters healthy communities and a stronger economy, it works to protect Americans’ right to breathe by securing the strongest possible health protections and preventing the most dangerous polluters from dodging their legal requirements to clean up our air. Economic welfare and economic growth rates are improved because cleaner air means fewer air-pollution-related illnesses, which in turn means less money spent on medical treatments and lower absenteeism among American workers. The study projects that the beneficial economic effects of these two improvements alone more than offset the economic impacts from expenditures for pollution control.

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