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1. In active tissue, does temperature in the region increase of decrease?

a. Increase

b. Decrease

2. What effect does a decrease in pH have on hemoglobin’s ability to bind oxygen?

a. Decreases in pH decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

b. Decreases in pH have no effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

c. Decreases in pH increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.a.

3. In active tissue, does pH in the region increase of decrease?

a. Increase

b. Decrease

4. Which of the following most accurately describes the Bohr effect?

a. The oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right.

b. Decreased blood pH promotes oxygen offloading at tissues.

c. Increased PCO2 leads to oxyhemoglobin dissociation.

d. Increased body temperature leads to oxyhemoglobin dissociation.

5. Where are the inspiratory neurons located?

a. ventral respiratory group

b. dorsal respiratory group

c. pontine respiratory group

d. all of these

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Related questions

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygen–hemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

Hemoglobin Cowtown

Over a thousand different human hemoglobin variants are known.Many have altered function. Hemoglobin variants have historicallybeen names for the city in which they were identified. One exampleis hemoglobin Cowtown (Ft. Worth, Texas). Here is an abridgedversion of the original case report for this particular variant(Schneider et al. (1979) Am J Clin Pathol 72:1028-1032). The A4post quiz is based on this report.

A 20 year old white male travelled from Fort Worth to DenverColorado, on vacation. Shortly after disembarking from theaircraft, he experienced a sever throbbing headache, which was notrelieved by analgesics, and which became so unbearable that he andhis family decided to return home the following day. To thepatient's surprise, after several hours in the pressurizedairliner, the headache subsided. Upon his return to Fort Worth, hisfamily physician admitted him to the hospital forinvestigation.

The results of the physical examination were not remarkable, butthe hematologic findings indicated erthrocytosis (increased redblood cells). Other laboratory data showing the following:

Arterial blood pH 7.39
pCO2 102 torr
pO2 37 torr
Total blood volume elevated
Packed erythrocyte volume elevated

Electrophoresis (proteins moving through a gel according totheir net charge in the presence of an electric current) at pH 8.5showed normal pattern for hemoglobin, but analysis at pH 6 revealeda hemoglobin chain with abnormal mobility. Further testingdetermined a single His -> Leu substitution in shift for HbCowtown relative to normal Hb A. The Bohr effect (a measure of theinfluence of pH on oxygen affinity) was only half the normalvalue

QUESTION 3: The mutation in Hb Cowtown results in severeimpairment of the Bohr effect, yet does not alter the equilibriumbetween the R and T states. This is surprising since thecarboxyl-terminal residue His B146 is clearly invalid instabilization of the T state. Deduce the allosteric roles of eachionizable group in the C terminal residue.

His B146 alpha carboxyl Answer choices: None, T state stabilization, R statestabilization, Bohr effect
His B146 imidazole Answer choices: None, T state stabilization, R statestabilization or Bohr effect
His B146 alpha amine Answer choices: None, T state stabilization, R statestabilization or Bohr effect

1. Reflexes associated with Golgitendon organs prevent skeletal muscles from

a. stretching toofar

b. contracting with too muchforce

c. accumulating too much lacticacid

d. exercising toolong

2. Why do plasma glucoseconcentrations start to decline after prolonged enduranceexercise?

a. Glucagon releasedecreases.

b. Insulin releaseincreases.

c. Cortisol releasedecreases.

d. Glycogen stores aredepleted.

3. During a graded aerobic exercise,

a. SBP gradually increases while DBP remains same or slightlydecreases.

b. SBP remains same or slightly decreases while DBP graduallyincreases.

4. Factor(s) affecting blood pressure is(are)

a. HR.

b. SV.

c. Q.

d. TPR.

e. All of above.

5. Where does waterportion of sweat come from?

a. Inside of muscle cells.

b. Urine.

c. Plasma.

6. End-diastolic volume (EDV) -end-systolic volume (ESV) =

a. cardiac output(CO).

b. mean arterial pressure(MAP).

c. stroke volume(SV).

d. ejection fraction(EF).

7. The major factor affecting blood flow is

a. viscosity ofblood.

b. length of vessel.

c. radius of vessel.

d. shear stress ofvessel.

8. Accumulation of metabolicby-products in muscle (H+,CO2, heat) leads to

a. vasoconstriction.

b. vasodilation.

c. sympatheticactivation.

d. reduced muscle bloodflow.


9. During a grated exercise until the point ofventilator threshold (VT) occurring,

a. pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases proportionally to exerciseintensity increase.

b. pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases disproportionally toexercise intensity increase.

10. Immediately stopping a steady-statesubmaximal exercise, VE steeply decreases. This decrease is dueto

a. decrease in PCO2, H+, and the coretemperature (metabolic effect).

b. decrease in neural input from CNS and feedback from activemuscle.

11. During the recovery period after asteady-state submaximal exercise, VE gradually decrease because

a. decrease in PCO2, H+, and the coretemperature (metabolic effect).

b. decrease in neural input from CNS and feedback from activemuscle.

12. Valsalvamaneuver is dangerous because

a. sore abdominal muscles.

b. a drop in blood pressure if Valsalva maneuver iscontinued.

c. a dangerous rise in blood pressure immediately afterstarting Valsalva maneuver.

d. b and c are correct.

e. All of above are correct.

13. The point atwhich pulmonary ventilation (VE) increases disproportionately withoxygen consumption (VO2) during graded exercise iscalled

a. ventilatory threshold (VT).

b. lactate threshold (LT).

c. anaerobic threshold (AT).

14. Which condition duringexercise induces the right shift of hemoglobin's oxygen-binding affinity curve(Bohr effect)?

a. ADP accumulation

b. lower pH

c. mechanical compression ofmuscle capillaries

d. local hypoxia(low O2)

15. How is bloodpressure response during submaximal exercise different between armsand legs?

a. Arms have a higher.

b. Legs have a higher.

c. They are the same

d. They can't be compared

16. Which of thefollowing does not increase the heart'sstroke volume?

a. Enhanced cardiac filling and ejection

b. Neurohormonal influence

c. Training adaptations that expand blood volume

d. Training adaptations that increase resistance to bloodflow

17. Which of the following willdecrease stroke volume (SV)?

a. increased preload

b. increasedcontractility

c. increased Calcium(Ca2+) concentrations

d. increasedafterload

18. For two athletes with sameVO2max, An athlete who has _____ lactate thresholdpredicts better performance.

a. higher

b. lower

c. It doesn

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