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41. Does autonomic innervation enable different patterns ofregional blood flow within the body? (a) yes, or (b) no.

42. Can the opposing effects of norepinephrine within vascularsmooth muscle, i.e. vasoconstriction versus vasodilation, beexplained in terms of different types of adrenergic receptors and2nd messenger pathways? (a) yes, (b) no.

43. The table below outlines qualities of arterial blood in ourmodel animal.

What would happen to blood pressure if autonomic innervation ofarterial smooth muscle abruptly stopped? (a) no effect, (b) slighteffect, (c) sudden decrease.

44. Regional changes in blood flow occurred during our casestudy. Where did the greatest increase in blood flow occur? (a)CNS, (b) skeletal muscle, (c) liver, or (d) alimentary canal.

45. Heartbeat frequency increased during the case study as theresult of an autonomic reflex. In this case, what induced thereflex? (a) an external stimulus, (b) an internal condition, or (c)the animal

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Animal Physiology-

25. Where are Clarke's columns found within the cord?(a) cervical (b) thoracolumbar (c) pelvic

26. Do Clarke's columns contain motor neurons? yes or no

27. All autonomic pre-ganglionic neurons are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

28. All parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

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42. Neurosecretion from adrenergic autonomic motor neurons can induce different outcomes in differentlocations. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the type of adrenergic receptor found on vascularsmooth muscle cells and the 2nd messenger pathway operative within. Which receptor enablesvasoconstriction?(a) alpha-adrenergic receptor (b) beta-adrenergic receptor

44. Blood flow into skeletal muscle increased during the case study. Did blood flow to the CNS change duringthe case study? yes or no

45. Heartbeat frequency increased during the case study. Was this initiated by the limbic system? yes or no

54. Blood flow through skeletal muscle increased during the case study. This was due to vasodilation ofarterioles, increased heartbeat frequency, and vasoconstriction of arterioles within the alimentary canal. Thesephenomena occurred in response to motor output from the CNS at the level of the: (a) cranial nerves (b) thoracolumbar cord (c) cranial nerves and thoracolumbar cord

55. Increased cardiac output depends upon two variables: stroke volume and heartbeat frequency. Increasedstroke volume results when the myocardium reacts to increased venous return. In contrast, heartbeatfrequency increases in response to increased sympathetic tone on pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial node. How does increased norepinephrine secretion affect pacemaker cells? (a) decreases the duration of the pacemaker potential (b) decreases the duration of the action potential (c) lowers threshold potential

Animal Physiology-

57. During exertion, increased blood flow through skeletal muscle enables an increased rate of oxygen delivery,increased rate of carbon dioxide removal, and an increased rate of heat transfer. How does heat enter thebloodstream? (a) convection (b) conduction (c) radiation

58. Does lactic acid begin to appear within skeletal muscle during exertion should oxygen be limiting? yes or no

60. Is carbon dioxide within the bloodstream a dehydrated, volatile acid? yes or no

62. The pH of any bicarbonate buffer system can be predicted with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH =6.1 + log [HCO3-]/[0.03 mmol L-1 mm Hg-1 x PCO2]. The pH of arterial blood is 7.4. Does this mean that a ratio of 20 to 1 must be maintained between the molar concentration of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide? yes or no

63. Did the rate of mitochondrial carbon dioxide production increase during the case study? yes or no

64. Did the partial pressure of pulmonary carbon dioxide change during the case study? yes or no

73. Pulmonary PCO2 is stabilized by an autonomic reflex that modulates ventilation rate. Ventilation rate is bestunderstood as a pattern in which pulmonary ventilation, in ml per minute, equals ventilation frequency timesthe difference between tidal and dead space volumes. Can basal ventilation rate be predicted from anallometric equation? yes or no

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88. Which hormonal signal facilitates lipolysis within adipocytes? (a) elevation of bloodstream glucagon (b) diminution of bloodstream insulin (c) diminution of bloodstream leptin

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