🏷️ LIMITED TIME OFFER: GET 20% OFF GRADE+ YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION →
Log in
Biology
2
answers
0
watching
10
views
23 Nov 2019

Do a comprehensive, concise, pathophysiology write up on the following:
1. Burns
2. Wound healing
3. Cystic Fibrosis
4. Autism
5. Hemophilia
Giving Definition, causes, risk factors, sign and symptoms, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevention for each.

Watch
2
answers
0
watching
10
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Casey Durgan
Casey DurganLv2
5 Sep 2019
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

During a work-up for infertility, Brad (32 years old) is found tohave azospermia caused by congenital bilateral absence of the vasdeferens (CBAVD). His physician explains that 75-80% of men withCBAVD have a mutation in both cystic fibrosis transmembraneconductance regulator (CFTR) genes. The physician recommends thatBrad have CFTR genetic testing. Brad (a pediatric nurse) questionshis physician's medical acumen, exclaiming that he has absolutelyno pulmonary or pancreatic symptoms common with cystic fibrosis nordoes he have any family history of the disease. The physicianexplains that although mutations in CFTR are most often associatedwith pulmonary disease and pancreatic insufficiency, some men withtwo mutations have no symptoms other than CBAVD. Brad is laterdiagnosed with cystic fibrosis when he is found to carry an IVS8-5Tmutation in one CFTR gene and a P499A mutation in the other CFTRgene.

1. Do you agree with the "diagnosis" of cystic fibrosis? Explainyour answer.

2. What impact might this diagnosis have on his ability to obtainlife, health, &/or disability insurance?

3. Explain how it is possible that Brad has two mutated CFTR geneswhen no one else in his family has cystic fibrosis.

4. Brad's CFTR genes, altered by mutations are called: (choose thebest answer)

a) Polymorphisms

b) Alleles

c) Markers

d) Autosomes

5. Because Brad carries two different CFTR mutations, it would beappropriate to say he is:

(Choose the best answer and explain your choice.)

a) Homozygous for the CFTR mutations

b) Hemizygous for the CFTR mutations

c) Heterozygous carrier for the CFTR mutations

d) Compound heterozygous for the CFTR mutations

6. The CBAVD is referred to as the (genotype / phenotype) and theIVS8-5T / P499A mutations as the (genotype / phenotype).

With the technique, microscopic epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA),Brad may be able to produce biological children. Assuming thatBrad's wife is not a carrier of a CFTR mutation:

7. What is their risk for having a child with cysticfibrosis?

8. What are their chances for having a child that is a carrier ofone of Brad's CFTR mutations?

9. If Brad's wife is found to be a carrier of one of the 1000possible CFTR mutations, what is their chance of having a childwith cystic fibrosis?

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that is characterized by the secretion of thick, abnormal mucous in the lungs. The mutated gene that leads these symptoms is the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR gene). The encoded protein is a chloride channel that moves chloride ions out of epithelial cells. In a homozygous individual, the lack of this chloride channel function in a mutant slows the flow of water into extracellular spaces. This lack of water export leads to the heavy mucus in the lungs of CF patients. Although children with CF would die in childhood, current treatments provide life expectancies into the 30’s.

CF is the most frequently inherited genetic disorder among American children. It affects 1 of every 2,500 children; 30,000 currently have the disease. Although its frequency is higher in European populations, it affects all human populations. Heterozygous carrier frequencies in the US are estimated to be 1 out of 29 Caucasians, 1 out of 46 Hispanics, 1 out of 61 African Americans and 1 out of 90 Asians. There are genetic screens for carriers of CF but they are not routinely performed despite this high frequency of carriers. At least all states in the US proscribe testing of newborns to identify children with CF early so that treatment can be started. Newborn tests for CF: http://www.cff.org/AboutCF/Testing/NewbornScreening/ScreeningforCF/ . If CF is such a common genetic disease, and such a simple Mendelian trait, why is genetic screening of parents not done more frequently? Is it just economic, a pain to do, or is it more complex such that the results of genetic testing are not just positive or negative?

Answer the following questions:
1. If two parents are heterozygous carriers of CF, show a pedigree with four children showing the incidence of carriers and afflicted children. If each unafflicted child (carrier or not) mates with another person, who has a 1 out of 30 chance of being a carrier of CF, what is the expected incidence CF disease in the third generation (frequency of CF in any one of grandchildren of the original couple)?

2. Pleiotropy of Cystic Fibrosis. Watch the two videos on the left at:

http://www.cftrscience.com/MOD-animation
or, if you can not view these, read the short NIH Genetics Home Reference for Cystic Fibrosis http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis

Connect the description with one of the following videos, or related ones (there are many) you see:
video (10 minutes) of daily life of a child with Cystic Fibrosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUsuGKzdDg8
Laura’s (20 year old) video diary of life with CF http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgrf8qJXhpc&feature=related

In your own words, describe the range of CF phenotypes. List the other organs besides lungs that are affected and how does it affects those organs.

3.The DNA sequence of the CFTR gene is 170,000 base pairs in length and encodes the CFTR protein that is 1480 amino acids long. Open the accompanying text file (in Canvas/Files/Discussion folder) “CFTR gene DNA sequence”. You will see an alignment of the NIH human genome sequence of the CFTR gene – called “Reference” rather than “wild-type”- against a gene sequence containing a common mutation in CFTR. Look at the alignment and determine how the DNA sequence differs between them. What is the position number where they differ? How many and what nucleotides do they differ in? A “-“ mark in one sequence in the alignment means that that base sequence is missing the corresponding bases in the other sequence. The sequence is a long one but the differences are in bolded bright red text. Matching sequence is marked with a | linking the two sequences. Look near the sequence AAATATCATC if you use FIND tool in Word.

In another file, you will an alignment of the reference translated into a protein sequence, compared to the mutant allele translated into protein sequence. The differences are again in red whereas the areas where the proteins match are in black. Look at the alignment. How do these two proteins differ? Again, find the position number and describe how they differ at that location. A “-“ mark in the alignment means that amino acid is missing when compared to the other sequence.

4. Given that the CFTR gene can be analyzed for a mutation that causes CF, couples interested in being tested as carriers face several choices given the results.
What could be a consequence of a false positive result (couple is identified as carriers but they would not produce any children with symptoms)?

What could be a consequence of a false negative result (a test indicates the couple is not both carriers but they would produce some children with CF)?

5. The sensitivity of the test can vary with ethnic group. The following is a chart from the NCBI Genetic testing site. A sensitivity less than 100% would be likely to produce false negative results from an inability to determine that someone is carrier.

CF Carrier Test Sensitivity by Ethnic Group
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/GeneTests/static/concepts/primer/ptscarr5.shtml

Ethnic Group 1

Population Frequency of CF

Sensitivity of Carrier Detection 2

Caucasian

1 in 29

90%

Ashkenazi Jewish

1 in 29

97%

Native American

1 in 32

94%

Latino

1 in 46

57%

African-American

1 in 60

75%

Asian

1 in 90

30%

Why might different ethnic populations differ in the ability of the genetic test to identify carriers of CF?

Chief Complaint: 8-year-old girl admitted for severe second- and third-degree burns following her rescue from a burning house.

History: Angela Creighton, an 8-year-old white female, was transported by ambulance to the emergency room after being rescued from her burning house. She was asleep at night when a spark from the family fireplace started a fire, leaving her trapped in her bedroom. By the time the fire rescue squad arrived, she had suffered severe burns and excessive smoke inhalation.

In the emergency room, Angela was unconscious. She had second-degree burns over 5% of her body and third-degree burns over 15% of her body -- both covering her thoracic and abdominal regions and her right elbow. Her vital signs were quite unstable: blood pressure = 55 / 35; heart rate = 210 beats / min.; and respiratory rate = 40 breaths / min. She was quickly deteriorating from circulatory failure. Two IVs were inserted and fluids were administered through each. Her vital signs stabilized and she was transported to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU).

Angela regained consciousness the following morning, surprisingly complaining of only minor pain over her trunk. Following debridement of her burns and application of a broad-spectrum, topical antibiotic, a plastic epidermal graft was applied over the burned areas. Despite treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, she developed a systemic staphylococcal infection, necessitating a switch to a different antibiotic.

Angela began a long, slow recovery. Her position in bed had to be changed every 2 hours to prevent the formation of decubitus ulcers (i.e. bedsores). She lost 9 pounds over the next 3 weeks, despite nasogastric tube feeding of 5000 calories ("Kcals") per day. After 9 weeks, sheets of cultured epidermal cells were grafted to her regenerating dermal layer. By the 15th week of her hospitalization, her epidermal graft was complete, and she was back on solid foods, her antibiotics were discontinued, and she was discharged from the hospital with a rehabilitation plan for both physical and occupational therapy at home, as well as twice-weekly visits by a nurse.

Questions:1. Briefly describe the three major layers that make up healthy skin.


2. Briefly describe the extent of damage seen in first-degree burns, second-degree burns, and third-degree burns.


3. Why was this girl relatively pain-free when she woke up?


4. Explain why this patient's blood pressure was so low and her heart rate so high upon arrival at the emergency room.


5. Why was it important to immediately administer intravenous fluids to this girl?


6. What is a "broad-spectrum" antibiotic, and why did she need it? Is healthy skin normally colonized by bacteria?


7. Why was skin-grafting necessary in this patient? (Why not just let the skin heal on its own?)


8. Describe the series of events that occur in skin which is healing with the help of a skin-graft.


9. Why are bedridden patients at risk for developing decubitus ulcers? Where on the body do such ulcers most commonly occur?


10. Why did the patient lose so much weight despite being on a very high-calorie diet?


11. What long-term problems may the patient have as a result of extensive scar tissue formation over her trunk and her right elbow?

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in