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28 Feb 2018

The removal of top soil by water or wind is called

A Soil erosion

B Soil wash

C Silting of soil

D Soil creep

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Related questions

Acid rain negatively affects plants by

A. reducing the photosynthetic rate in the leaves

B. burning the leaves and bark.

C. leaching cations that the plant needs from the soil

D. leaching anions from the soil that the plant needs

3. Briefly describe the survivorship for each species of salamander when living alone in the type I, II and III talus and deep soil from the paragraph below.

Competitive Exclusion as a Factor Influencing the Distributions of Two Species of Terrestrial Salamanders.

The salamander Plethodon richmondi shenandoah is restricted to areas of talus on Hawksbill Mountain, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, while P. cinereus inhabits the soil outside the talus. To test the hypothesis that the former species is excluded from the soil by the latter species, three enclosures were constructed in each of four habitats: (i) in talus consisting only of bare rocks, (ii) in talus where soil has infiltrated between but not under rocks, (iii) in isolated pockets of shallow soil within the rocky confines of the talus, and (iv) in deep soil outside the talus. In each habitat one enclosure contained an isolated sample of shenandoah, another an isolated sample of cinereus, and the third a mixture of the two species. The above testes indicated that: (i) neither species survived the extremely dry conditions of the bard rocks for more than a week, (ii) shenandoah expressed a higher survivorship than did cinereus in this relatively dry habitat, (iii) in the shallow soil shenandoah had lower survivorship in the presence of cinereus than it did in isolation, and (iv) in the deep soil shenandoah had poorer survivorship than cinereus in the mixed species enclosure and poorer survivorship than its isolated control. P. cinereus apparently inhibits the presence of shenandoah in areas of soil, while shenandoah survives better under rocky conditions. However, the talus is a suboptimal habitat for shenandoah, since its survivorship in isolated enclosures is significantly better in the presence of soil. It seems unlikely that salamanders other than cinereus could exclude shenandoah from the soil or that other animals exert a strong influence. Predation, diseases, and parasites also do not appear to exclude shenandoah from areas of deep soil. Competitive exclusion by cinereus has probably restricted the distribution of shenandoah to the suboptimal talus refugium.

Why does one ecological community replace another in the process of ecological succession?
a. Physical conditions such as moisture, soil depth, and shade change over time.
b. Soil levels and nutrient amounts decrease over time so that fewer and fewer plants can be supported.
c. Human caretakers remove older plants and replace them with newer and different varieties.
d. The amount of sunlight reaching the soil increases as ecological succession proceeds.

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