You discover a new plant and want to learn more about its biology. Which features will best help you understand which sort of pollination mechanism this plant uses? Select one: a. Morphology and color of the corolla b. Height of the plant c. Leaf morphology d. Number of cotyledons in the embryo e. Type of endosperm
You discover a new plant and want to learn more about its biology. Which features will best help you understand which sort of pollination mechanism this plant uses? Select one: a. Morphology and color of the corolla b. Height of the plant c. Leaf morphology d. Number of cotyledons in the embryo e. Type of endosperm
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1. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.
The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature?
| A. It serves as protection for the embryo from agoutis looking for food. | ||||||||||||||||
| B. It attracts harpy eagles and encourages them to nest in the tree. | ||||||||||||||||
| C. It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling. | ||||||||||||||||
| D. It provides a water source for the developing embryo. 2. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17).
3. Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? The fruit ________.
4. When a scientist describes the "body plan" of a phylum, he or she is implying that ________.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Introduction
In this Experiment we will learn how to identify the unknownbacterium according to the case study given as you start to performyour procedures and following the steps. Also, we will be learningthe outcome of a specific case scenario of immunity. We will beperforming different examples of media and observing the reactionafter inoculation and adding different reagents as it produce somechanging of color diagnose to a negative or positive results. Also,we will conduct different types of biochemical testing includingIndole production, Citrate Utilization, Methyl red test, andMannitol Fermentation.
In this case scenario we are trying to figure out theinfestation of food at the warehouse causing a death of theplaintiff mother. The plaintiff is accusing the warehouse forselling these infested products by insects. At the warehouseinspection is been done by swabbing and acquiring the type oforganism to be identified as evidence for the court finaldecision.
One of the major findings in this experiment is that itwas negative gram stains and the Indole and Methyl Red Test had apositive reaction. Additional testing was perform which show theresult of only negative on Lactose Fermentation and the remainingthree additional testing add up to a positive. The outcome of thisinvestigation scenario could be a negative result to the casescenario presented about infested products by insects since nounknown bacteria was left to bediagnosed.
Procedure
The following steps are requiring completing this labexperimental. First make sure you open the Virtual UnknownSoftware. Complete conducting using Indole production and CitrateUtilization, Methyl Red test choosing from your media option. Alsomake sure you open the reference book for each procedure to beinformed of the lab steps and decision making such as positive ornegative and its color after inoculation.
Observations and Results
Result + or - | Appearance after Incubation | |
Gram Stain | - gram rods | N/A |
Indole Production | + positive | Yellowish-after incubation & adding Kovacâs reagent changingto a cherry red color indication of positive |
Mannitol Fermentation | - neg | Red |
Methyl Red Test | + pos | Turbid yellowish after incubation and adding methyl red reagentchange to red positive. + |
Citrate Utilization | - neg | Greenish after incubation. No reagent added. |
Additional tests performed are listed below:
Result + or - | Appearance after Incubation | |
Lactose Fermentation | - neg | Red- no reagent added |
Sucrose Fermentation | + pos | Yellowish- no reagent added |
| Phenol Red Rhamnose (Lactose Steps) | + pos | Yellow- no reagent |
Phenol Red Xylose (Sucrose Steps) | + pos | Yellow- no reagent |
Bacterium identified as: You may want to do some additionaltests to conclusively identify your bacterium. Some good ones to domight be lactose and sucrose fermentation, like you did last week.Remember, they use Phenol Red Lactose Broth and Phenol RedSucrose Broth and yellow= positiveand red =negative. After you do those two tests,you may want to do Phenol Red Rhamnose and Phenol RedXylose, which are set up the same way as the sucrose andlactose tests, they just have different sugars. Be sure to recordyour test results!
Discussion
Identify the bacterium â Make sure you look in the VirtualUnknown lab report to make sure you got the right organism. Afteryou have made your identification, look at the lab report. You cando this by going to the View menu in Virtual Unknown and selectingLab Report. You can double check with me that you are researchingthe right one.
Once all observation was performed including the additionaltesting I was left without an Unknown organism to be identified.This only leave me with a diagnose to state that no evidence wascollected to accused the warehouse as being infested with insectsaccording to the case study.
Explain what features of this organism make it an idealcandidate host for your insecticide. (Hint: remember you will needto infect insects with the bacteria to deliver the insecticide.)âFind out where the unknown organism was isolated from.
Describe in detail the steps you will take to insert the targetgene into the bacterium. - Figure 8.1 of your book should help youwith this.
Conclusion
< Within a few sentences, provide a concluding statementabout the results of your laboratory>
Virtual Lab Report
Student:
Instructor: Test User
Section:
Unknown: BiotechUnknown
Identification Information
Assigned Unknown: Identification not yet complete
Identified Unknown: TBD
Gram Reaction & Morphology: Gram Negative Rods
Auto-Inoculation Used: Yes
Test Detail (Chronological Order):
1 Gram Reaction {-} Eliminated {53}Remaining {71} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
2 Indole production {+} Eliminated {44}Remaining {27} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
3 Mannitol fermentation {-} Eliminated {19}Remaining {8} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
4 Methyl red {+} Eliminated {0} Remaining{8} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
5 Citrate Utilization (Simmons) {-}Eliminated {2} Remaining {6} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
6 Lactose fermentation {-} Eliminated {0}Remaining {6} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
7 Sucrose fermentation {+} Eliminated {4}Remaining {2} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
8 Rhamnose fermentation {+} Eliminated {2}Remaining {0} Recorded 1 time(s)
Observations: none
9 Xylose fermentation {+} Eliminated {0}Remaining {0} Recorded
