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19 May 2018

1. Washing ones hair in the shower challenges which body structures ( beyond what is required to sustain life).

2. Why is it neccessary to know which body structures are required for an activity?

3. How do you determine which body structures are necessary for an activity?

4. What are the structures of the nervous system? What are at least 10 body functions the nervous system structure supports?

5. What body functions do the lymph structures support?

6. Voice functions are supported by which body structure?

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Patrina SchowalterLv2

20 May 2018

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The human body is truly remarkable and is designed tofunction effectively. Organs are important structures composed ofdifferent tissues that facilitate specific functions within thebody. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structuresknown as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizationalunits that are responsible for crucial processes necessary forsustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limitedto the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, themusculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system,the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systemsdo not function alone. These systems work together, interactingwith other organs in a functional network that keeps the body inbalance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis orthe normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease maydevelop causing injury to the body, or even death. In thisassignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associateddiseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following casestudies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organmalfunction. Select onestudy to investigate further for yourassignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided andcorrelate it with the organ systems that are affected in thescenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer theassignment questions that follow the case study. For assistancewith your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Webresources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis isnarrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty depositson the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals werepreparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicagocubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old DarrylKile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found stillin his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New YorkTimes, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was relatedto three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a resultof atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately causedhim to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack?Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
How are arteries different from veins andcapillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries andveins.
Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closedcirculatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closedcirculatory system over an open circulatory system?
Briefly explain how the lymphatic system isassociated with the circulatory system?
Describe one disease that affects the lymphaticvessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects thearteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remainsthe leading preventable cause of death in the United States,causing an estimated 438,000 deaths - or about 1 out of every 5 -each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking forthe past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit reveals thatMr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms ofnagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weightloss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctorinformed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several yearsago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancerlater in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lungcancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

What main components in cigarettes affect therespiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cellsand/or processes in the respiratory system.
There are alternate mechanisms of transportingcarbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain howsmoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in theblood.
Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body?Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
How can you correlate cellular respiration with therespiratory system?
Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk forlung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidencefor your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormallylarge growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormonesecreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed anormal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robertreached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton,1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more thandouble the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from hisweight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reachingsix feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight yearsold. Robert's unique size was attributed to an over activepituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels ofgrowth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

How does growth hormone regulate various bodyfunctions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion ofgrowth hormone?
Discuss the relationship between growth hormone andinsulin, and are there complications associated with theirinteraction?
Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treatthan dwarfism?
Give examples of two other hormones secreted by thepituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect otherorgan systems of the body?
Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use ofanabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How areanabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explainyour answer.

References

Hamilton, S. (1993). Looking backand up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Alton,IL: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Tobacco statistics snapshot. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

The New York Times. (2002, July 17). Baseball: Coroner verifies the cause of Kile's death asnatural. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

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Amy is cooking dinner for her family. She moves to pull a pot off the stove and accidently touches the burner. She reflexively pulls her finger away from the stove and immediately feels the pain. Which receptor neuron is responsible for sending information from her finger to her peripheral nervous system? Is this receptor neuron, an afferent or efferent neuron? Explain where the information from the receptor neuron is sent and how does it result in Amy moving her finger away from the stove. How many neurons are typically involved in this response? What are the names of these neurons? Evolutionarily, why do you think the human body has this system in place? What might happen if we did not have this response?

Glen, who is 45 years old, begins to notice that his hands shake (tremors) when he is performing everyday tasks such as signing his signature. His family members have noticed that he also has muffled speech and tends to shuffle when he walks. He is diagnosed with Early Onset Parkinsonâs disease. What is Early Onset Parkinsonâs disease? What specific cell type is affected in Parkinsonâs disease? What is dopamine? What effects does dopamine have on the body? Explain the structure of a synapse and why Glenâs neurologist would prescribe him a dopamine agonist? Glen has genetic testing performed and it is determined that he does carry an autosomal dominant mutation in the SNCA gene associated with Early Onset Parkinsonâs disease. Glen has three children. Would you advise his children to have genetic testing performed to determine if they also carry the disease mutation? Why or why not?

Patricia, who is 37 years old, discusses with her physician recent symptoms that she has experienced including blurred vision, numbness in her fingers and face, dizziness, fatigue and weakness. The physician performs multiple neurological tests and she is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). What is MS? Is MS a disease of the central or peripheral nervous system? What is the main cell structure affected in MS? How is the action potential of a neuron affected in MS? The origins of MS are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of MS?

1) The neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine are digested by enzymes that are located at the axon synapse or within the axon terminal of the neurons.

a)What are the names of these different types of enzymes?

b)Where are they located and what is the result of their enzymatic activity?

2) Explain how the Investigational New Drug process works as well as the four different phases of clinical trials. Why are some drugs still taken off the market after approval by the FDA?

3) A single IV injection of 100 mg drug with a half-life of 4 hours is administered to a young adult.

a) Plot drug concentration versus time on a graph making certain to clearly label.

b) How long will it take to eliminate > 95% of the drug?

c) If the volume of distribution is 4L, what is the clearance of the drug?

4) Many drugs are metabolized in the liver through the microsomal metabolizing system.

a) What specific enzymes are involved in this metabolism?

b) What are the main functions of these enzymes?

c) What are some factors that can contribute to individual drug metabolism variation? Explain.

5) Think of an emergency situation requiring immediate and intense physical exertion.

a) List as many body organs as you can and predict the desired level of activity [increased or decreased].

b) Which neurotransmitter would produce these effects and through what receptors?

6) It is interesting that a drug can produce a therapeutic effect and an undesired side effect in one situation, and that the same drug side effect may be considered a therapeutic effect in another situation. Explain this phenomenon using the drug promethazine as an example.

7) A patient brought into the emergency room is experiencing severe hypotension. Blood pressure reads 90/50.

a) What class of drugs is indicated for treatment and why?

b) What precautions should be observed when these drugs are administered?

c) What would be the first indication that too much drug has been administered?

8) Only certain drugs are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier.

a) How is the blood brain barrier different than barriers found in other areas of the body? Be specific.

b) What properties of drugs will make it more likely to cross the blood brain barrier? Explain your answers.

9) A 32-year-old, presents to the Emergency Department by ambulance with vomiting, confusion, salivation, and respiratory distress. The patient states that he was feeling fine until today when I started getting ill. He then vomits. During a physical exam you record the following information: Heart rate 45; Blood pressure 90/60; Respiratory rate 25; Temperature 36.6C; Pupils constricted. During your exam, 4 more ambulances arrive with patients with similar symptoms. You find out they were all riding in the same care on the Red Line when they began feeling ill.

a) What do you feel is happening and why?

b) Would you expect their symptoms to improve over time? Why or why not?

c) What drug would you prescribe to treat these patients and why?

10) Betty has diabetes and asthma. She also has developed high blood pressure, for which doctor just prescribed propranolol. One of your duties as a physicianâs assistant is to make sure patients are not prescribed drugs that are contraindicated because of other health problems.

a) What should you tell the doctor about Bettyâs prescription for propranolol and why?

b) Is there a more appropriate drug for Betty? Explain you answer.