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19 Oct 2018

Tropical rainforest

Grassland

Coral reef

Estuary

Desert

You will write an APA-style research paper about your choice of ecosystem, including the following elements:

Describe where this type of ecosystem might be located. Name 1 specific example.

Describe nutrient cycling of carbon (i.e., the steps of the carbon cycle) using examples of living things specific to the ecosystem you have chosen.

Describe 1 natural and 1 human-caused disturbance to the ecosystem that you have chosen, and explain the damage done to the ecosystem.

Provide a specific example of 1 natural resource provided by the ecosystem that you have selected. (Note that air, water, and soil are common to all ecosystems.)

How can the one resource you have described be sustained into the future?

How can humans act as good stewards to assist the recovery of the ecosystem you have chosen after a disturbance? Provide 1 example specific to the ecosystem that you have chosen.

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Casey DurganLv2

20 Oct 2018

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Related questions

Are most invasive (exotic) species K-selected or r-selectedspecies? Explain your choice and why that makes sense in terms oftheir ecological success.

Briefly define a community and an ecosystem and describe how thetwo are interrelated.

Which of the following levels of organization are in order, fromsimplest to most complex.
a. population, organism, community, ecosystem
b. community, ecosystem, population,organism
c. organism, community, population, ecosystem
d. population, ecosystem, organism, community
e. organism, population, community, ecosystem

Mosses growing on bare rock will eventuallyhelp to create soil. These mosses are involved in ___succession.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary

If a farmer sprays a pesticide onto a field and kills half ofthe insect pests, he has caused a reduction in________.
a. field capacity
b. carrying capacity
c. population size
d. More than one of the above

What type of survivorship curve would you expect for a plantspecies in which only a few seeds are produced and most of thesesurvive to produce adult plants?
a. type I
b. type II
c. type III

An ecological niche is an organism's_______ in anecosystem.
a. location
b. habitat
c. resources
d. function

No matter how rapidly populations grow, they eventually reach alimit and begin to stabilize. This is called the______________.

Unicellular algae live in the tissues of coral animals. Thealgae provide food for the coral, while the coral provides a stablehome for the algae. This is an example of
a. Parasitism
b. Commensalism
c. Mutualism

The vast majority of energy taken into an ecosystemis____________.
a. converted into biomass by plants.
b. utilized by secondary consumers.
c. lost as heat.
d. used by the primary consumers.
e. concentrated in the decomposers.

A farmer is using an insecticide to treat his crops. While mostinsects do not survive their first exposure to the insecticide somehave a gene that enables them to survive. When these survivorsreproduce they will likely pass along this resistance to theiroffspring. This results in an increase in numbers of the insectsover time. Which of the following processes applies to thissurvival?
a. cloning
b. mutation
c. natural selection
d. genetic engineering

What is the ecological relationship between insects andcrops?
a. mutualism
b. competition
c. predation

Sea anemones growing on the backs of crabs without damaging thecrabs are an example of
a. Parasitism
b. Commensalism
c. Mutualism

Which of these is a population density-independent regulatingfactor?
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Size of population
d. Weather
e. Resource availability

Producers are_________.
a. Autotrophs
b. Herbivores
c. Omnivores
d. Carnivores

If biological magnification occurs, the ___ will have thehighest levels of toxins in their systems.
a. producers
b. herbivores
c. primary carnivores
d. top carnivores

Given the amount of sunlight that hits the plants on our planet,and the ability of plants for rapid growth and reproduction, howcome we arenât all hip deep in dead plants?

peachlion740

What is a method that some ecologists have proposed to protectspecies from extinction in the face of global climate change?

natural attenuation
assisted migration
bioremediation
mitigation
adaptive management

Why is it usually not possible to restore a community to itspre-altered state?

It is not always possible to determine the kinds of speciesthat populated a community.
Invasive species compromise restoration.
Climate change complicates restoration.
Evolutionary trajectories cannot be predicted.
All answers are correct.

How is ecological restoration different from restorationecology?

It considers cultural and societal concerns.
It does not rely on ecological principles.
It cannot be predicted.
It does not involve manipulation of the environment.
All answers are correct.

What is the goal of assisted migration?

to help species respond to climate change
to help species learn new seasonal migration routes
to help migrating species avoid human-made structures
to help native species tolerate restoration efforts
All answers are correct.

Which of the following might serve to enhance habitat in arestoration project?

a dead log in a stream
a concrete water control structure in an estuary
removal of a dam
an artificial nesting box
All answers are correct.

Biologists want to restore a region that experienced stripmining. How will bacteria assist in the restoration?

They will restore the biotic parts of a community.
They will enhance adaptive management.
They will remove harmful metals.
They will improve revegetation.
They will remove the source of the disturbance.

A barge has leaked a small amount of oil in the middle of LakeMichigan. What might be the best solution to clean it up?

Add molasses to stimulate bacterial action.
Leave it alone.
Introduce engineered bacteria.
Add microorganisms not normally found in the lake.
Launch a comprehensive restoration effort.

Before deciding on an appropriate restoration strategy for aparticular degraded ecosystem, which information would be LEASTimportant to have?

the goals of the restoration, in terms of biodiversity andecosystem functioning
the degree to which the ecosystem has been degraded whencompared to a reference ecosystem
the types of species that were present before thedegradation
the social, political and economic constraints on therestoration
None of the answers are correct.

A biologist works to restore habitat during a restorationproject. Which of the following might serve to enhance thehabitat?

a dead log in a stream
a concrete water control structure in an estuary
removal of a dam
an artificial nesting box
All answers are correct.
10.
Restoration ecologists want to restore a landscape to itsoriginal state before humans arrived and altered it, but they donot know what species of plants lived there historically. What isthe best alternative?
Import plants from other ecosystems at the same latitude.
Bioremediate the soil.
Use plants growing nearby.
Use assisted migration.
Let nature take its course.

11.

Biologists begin collecting native seeds in a seed bank in aregion that experienced considerable alteration. Describe thebenefits of taking this action for the future.

It is important to collect samples of native seeds for culturalpurposes.
Biologists can use the seeds to restore other regions atsimilar latitudes.
If the region is heavily altered, it may take time and multiplesteps to restore the region. Collecting the seeds while they areavailable ensures that the biologists can use them later in therestoration process.
The see bank will promote the assisted migration of plants fromhabitats made unsuitable by climate change.
All answers are correct.

12.

Although disturbance is often thought of as a detriment tonatural ecosystem functioning, one type of disturbance, fire, isoften used to restore ecological communities. In what way(s) canfire restore ecological communities?

Fire is an effective way to "clean the slate" of the ecosystemby burning plants and sterilizing the soil so that appropriatemitigation and bioremediation plans can be implemented.
In ecosystems where fire is a natural periodic event, fire cankill many non-native plant species while leaving native speciesless influenced.
Fire can suppress the growth of competitive dominant plants,such as shrubs and trees, increasing the diversity of certainecosystems.
All answers are correct.
None of the answers are correct.

bronzetermite465

Could you please proof read my work (Scientifically and correctgrammar) on mangroves issues regardingSocial, Economical, Environmental and Political areas. I wouldhighly appreciate your help.

Here itis:

Issues:

The mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each yearin ecosystem services as it acts as bases for successful fishingand prawning industry since it provides breeding, feeding andnursery areas for marine species worldwide. Studies in EasternAustralia have estimated that around 67% of the entire commercialcatch is composed of species dependent upon mangrove estuarineareas. The northern Prawn fishery, one of the most valuablefisheries in Australia which is lined by mangrove communities,injects millions of dollars each year into the NT economy. Forexample, In 1996/97 around 3266 tonnes of prawns were produced fromNT waters, valued at around $51 million. In addition, approximately$7.5 million of mud crab and $3.3 million of barramundi were caughtin the NT.

Also in countries such as Belize in USA, theannual economic benefits from reef and mangrove dependent fisheriesis estimated at between US$14â16 million. Furthermore, mangrovesalso benefit the economy by providing recreational facilities forexample, in 2007 many coastal Belizeans Coral reef- andmangrove-associated tourism contributed an estimated US$150 millionto $196 million to the national economy (12 percent to 15 percentof GDP).

Additionally, mangrove forests provide thesociety across the globe with huge range of 'ecological services'such as providing a source of timber which can be used to builddwellings and boats, fuel-wood for cooking and heating sinceAvicennia woods have a high calorific (heating) value,food and traditional medicines for example, the bark ofAvicennia marina can be used to treat stingray stings. Allof these mangrove products can raise the economy of the country bybeing sold by the individuals that collect them. For example, incountries such as Sri Lanka, the collective mangrove productsrepresent a total gross value of US$ 1,171/household/year. Theycontribute to the income of poor, medium and rich income categoryby approximately 42%, 37% and 21% respectively.

Mangroves are also food sources for thesurrounding ecosystems. In New South Wales, it was reported thatone square kilometre of mangrove forest contributes to about 600tonnes of plant material each year to the estuary food chain. Also,mangroves also provide birds sanctuary for northern hemispherebirds. For example, it was reported that a wide variety of 128 birdspecies have been found inhabiting mangroves in Darwin Harbour.

They also provide students with valuable sourcefor understanding the complex scientific interrelationshipsinvolved in the mangrove ecosystem for example linking the changesin abiotic factors with the changes in the biotic factors along themangroves intertidal zone.

Mangroves can also act as barriers againsttsunamis, cyclones and hurricanes. Empirical and field basedevidence is limited, but analytical models show that 30 trees per100m² in a 100m wide belt may reduce tsunami flow rateby as much as 90%. For example in 1960 a tsunami hit the coast ofBangladesh in an area where the mangroves were intact. No-one died.These mangroves were subsequently cut down by the shrimp (prawn)farming industry and in 1991 thousands of people were killed when atsunami of the same magnitude hit the same region.

Mangroves create a physical barrier, slowingwater movement from the land and trapping sediments. Accordinglythey make land and reduce the erosion along estuaries and creeksand by doing so, they reduce contaminants and sediment run up intothe water and act as natural bio-filters, maintaining the health ofcoral reefs and coastal habitats.

Furthermore, the mangrove forests play animportant role in sequestering coastal carbon from the atmosphereand dissolving it into the ocean. Although the intertidal mangroveforests cover only 0.1% of the earth's surface, they contribute upto 10 % worldwide of the ocean's dissolved organic carbon. This isapproximately equal to the amount reaching the ocean from theAmazon river, the largest single source of dissolved organiccarbon.

Unlike CO2 absorbed directly from theatmosphere, much of the carbon produced by mangrove trees is boundup in large molecules which are highly resistant to decomposition,and is therefore likely to be held in the ocean for decades insteadof being returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Due to the extractive activities in mangrove forests inAustralia such as the illegal collection of crabs and mangroves'fruits for medicinal purposes as well as timber harvesting, thegovernment and several agencies have introduced laws to protect themangorve forests. For example on the 1^st of March 2009,in Queensland, the Government introduced green zones which protects16 % of the Moreton bay marine park. The Government has placed, a$21 million investment in the park which includes a $15 millionStructural Adjustment Program to reduce the environmental andeconomic effects of commercial fishing effort displaced by the newzoning arrangements by purchasing commercial fishing licences

Another example is that in 2003, 465 km² ofmangroves and associated habitats around Darwin Harbourwere zoned conservation areas by several agencies, including EPA (Environmental protection Agency), DPI ( Department of planning andinfrastructure) and several others, under an amendment to theNorthern Territory Planning Scheme. This includes 95.6% ofmangroves in the harbour. Also, in South Australia, 28% of themangroves are lying within protected areas that are covered by anumber of acts set by the government