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13 May 2018

I've been reading about brain plasticity and how the brain can"rewire" itself.

One of the things that is not clear to me - how neurons canestablish new connections. Does this rewiring mean thatneurons can "disconnect" from other neurons to reuse existingdendrites? Or do neurons grow new dendrites to make thesenew connections, adding to existing ones?

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Trinidad TremblayLv2

16 May 2018

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1) The neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine are digested by enzymes that are located at the axon synapse or within the axon terminal of the neurons.

a)What are the names of these different types of enzymes?

b)Where are they located and what is the result of their enzymatic activity?

2) Explain how the Investigational New Drug process works as well as the four different phases of clinical trials. Why are some drugs still taken off the market after approval by the FDA?

3) A single IV injection of 100 mg drug with a half-life of 4 hours is administered to a young adult.

a) Plot drug concentration versus time on a graph making certain to clearly label.

b) How long will it take to eliminate > 95% of the drug?

c) If the volume of distribution is 4L, what is the clearance of the drug?

4) Many drugs are metabolized in the liver through the microsomal metabolizing system.

a) What specific enzymes are involved in this metabolism?

b) What are the main functions of these enzymes?

c) What are some factors that can contribute to individual drug metabolism variation? Explain.

5) Think of an emergency situation requiring immediate and intense physical exertion.

a) List as many body organs as you can and predict the desired level of activity [increased or decreased].

b) Which neurotransmitter would produce these effects and through what receptors?

6) It is interesting that a drug can produce a therapeutic effect and an undesired side effect in one situation, and that the same drug side effect may be considered a therapeutic effect in another situation. Explain this phenomenon using the drug promethazine as an example.

7) A patient brought into the emergency room is experiencing severe hypotension. Blood pressure reads 90/50.

a) What class of drugs is indicated for treatment and why?

b) What precautions should be observed when these drugs are administered?

c) What would be the first indication that too much drug has been administered?

8) Only certain drugs are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier.

a) How is the blood brain barrier different than barriers found in other areas of the body? Be specific.

b) What properties of drugs will make it more likely to cross the blood brain barrier? Explain your answers.

9) A 32-year-old, presents to the Emergency Department by ambulance with vomiting, confusion, salivation, and respiratory distress. The patient states that he was feeling fine until today when I started getting ill. He then vomits. During a physical exam you record the following information: Heart rate 45; Blood pressure 90/60; Respiratory rate 25; Temperature 36.6C; Pupils constricted. During your exam, 4 more ambulances arrive with patients with similar symptoms. You find out they were all riding in the same care on the Red Line when they began feeling ill.

a) What do you feel is happening and why?

b) Would you expect their symptoms to improve over time? Why or why not?

c) What drug would you prescribe to treat these patients and why?

10) Betty has diabetes and asthma. She also has developed high blood pressure, for which doctor just prescribed propranolol. One of your duties as a physicianâs assistant is to make sure patients are not prescribed drugs that are contraindicated because of other health problems.

a) What should you tell the doctor about Bettyâs prescription for propranolol and why?

b) Is there a more appropriate drug for Betty? Explain you answer.

Almost all organs in the human body have a rather largethreshold within which the organ or tissue is capable of repairingitself using materials supplied by the body, whether it's made fromorganic tissue or structural proteins. Wounds and minor damage tothe skin or flesh for example heal by themselves, skin, nails andbody hair can grow back if damaged or removed, even most bones canbe repaired autonomously by a biological body. Cutting off asignificant chunk from the human flesh or removing over 90% of ahair or a nail would cause no permanent injury, and the body iscapable of repairing the damage over time with ease. The vastmajority of the human body (not counting critical organs such asthe heart or the brain) can be "grown back" to an extent by itself,because such parts have a rather large damage threshold.

On the contrary, teeth do not. There is a certain threshold inwhich tooth enamel can be supplied and "repaired" by the body to anminimal degree, but past that point virtually any damage caused toteeth are permanently irreparable by natural means. Which is quitestrange, given how fragile a set of human teeth is, be it chemicalor physical damage. Especially if you take more "artificial" causesinto account. A moderately heavy object aimed towards a humanmouth, for example, can easily render ten to fifteen teethpermanently damaged past the point of recovery within a heartbeat,also causing the said person's digestive process to be heavilyimpaired.

Another strange fact worth noting, is that the human body iscapable of producing two separate set of teeth due to biologicalgrowth and size differences, but not more than that. Wouldn't it bebeneficial for a biological body to be able to supply new teeth inthe place of ones that have been damaged or removed? One couldargue that such an action would be too complex and impossible,similarly to growing back an entire limb or a spare heart, butgiven the material that makes up teeth and its fragile nature, itwould be safe to assume that it is biologically possible,especially given the fact that the human body DOES produce twoseparate set of teeth over its lifespan.

However, even stranger still, is that the only element capableof damaging or deteriorating teeth by natural means, is theconsumed food itself, and the acidic bacteria foundwithin. Several types of edible food consumable by human means arecapable of damaging the enamel to critical levels within relativelyshort periods of time, even non-artificial ones. What happenedbefore the invention of the toothbrush and various dental cleaningmethods? Why haven't humans evolved in the past tens of thousandsof years to the point where repairing or regrowing teeth by naturalmeans is feasible? Simply put, why don't teeth grow back contraryto hair, nails or skin?

What is the biological and evolutionary reason behindteeth being so fragile and indisposable?

Conformity and obedience are forms of social influence, one of the subfields within social psychology. Conformity research addresses the influence the group majority has on individual and group behavior. Sherif and Asch conducted seminal studies on conformity. These researchers and others provide a clear picture of the influence of a group majority on the individual and factors that influence conformity. Research also provides insights into how a minority can influence a group (Fiske, 2014).

For this Discussion, review this weekâs media program, Week 6: The Virtual Office. Consider how

Conformity occurred in the virtual office and describes the conditions that led to conformity.

With these thoughts in mind:

1. A brief description of two conditions in the media that led to conformity and explain why.

Using the current literature, explain one way to alter the conditions in the scenario to prevent conformity.

Finally, provide an example where conformity might be good and explain why.

Media Reference

(Interior of the office. Carter and Teresa are talking near the coffee pot.)

CARTER: So how's the job treating you now that you have three months under your belt?

TERESA: I really like it. The hours have been great so far, and working with cardboard has been really fascinating and informative.

CARTER: I know, right? Sometimes it feels too good to be true.

(Jeannette walks toward Carter and Teresa.)

JEANETTE: Morning guys, how's it going?

CARTER: Can't complain, really.

TERESA: Just another Monday.

JEANETTE: Well, here's a bit of news to perk you up. The big boss has asked you, Teresa, to join Carter here, Brian, and myself on our client's specialty subcommittee.

TERESA: Wow, really? What does that even entail?

JEANETTE: Well the three of us have been on this group for a little over a year now. And we basically just brainstorm new client strategies to bring in new ones, and retain our good ones. But of course when I say, "we," I mean Carter and me.

TERESA: Oh?

CARTER: Yeah, have you had much interaction with Brian?

TERESA: Only in passing really. We haven't done any projects together.

JEANETTE: Well you'll see soon enough, that even when you are on a project with him it still feels like âin passing. â

CARTER: He's what you might call "unmotivated," never comes up with ideas, never volunteers to take charge. He's basically dead weight.

TERESA: Well I guess now that you mention it, I have walked passed his desk fairly often and seen him looking at a lot of non-work-related websites.

JEANETTE: Exactly. That's all he ever does. And yet, somehow, he's a notch above us on the totem pole. I've been here for five years and I could really do a lot from his position. It's just not right.

CARTER: That's true. He's really become dead weight lately. I hear he isn't helping his group at all in the packaging presentation to the board either. It's embarrassing. I mean, I know the three of us are constantly embracing the clearly stated company work culture that promotes focused and hard work, whereas he's only promoting slacking. Frankly, I think it's infuriating.

JEANETTE: That is so not fair. Maybe the three of us should all go into the boss's office and say, "Listen, we don't think Brian is pulling his weight anymore. Maybe it's time for change," and then we can just list off everything we've noticed.

CARTER: Absolutely.

TERESA: I don't know if it'd be right for me. I'm still pretty new, and haven't really had much interaction with him.

JEANETTE: Oh no, it's fine. You've seen enough, and it'll definitely sound better coming from all three of us, right?

CARTER: I think so too. It's been a long time coming. Should I set up a meeting with the boss this afternoon? Teresa, are you free around four?

TERESA: Umm, yeah, sure. I can definitely be there.

JEANETTE: Perfect. This is going to be such a relief.

(Brian walks into the break room.)

BRIAN: Morning guys.

JEANETTE, CARTER, and TERESA: Morning Brian.

(Carter, Teresa, and Jeanette turn and walk out of the break room.)

(Onscreen Text: Multiple conditions can lead to conformity. Post a brief description of two conditions in the virtual office which led to conformity to occur and why.)