Background Information: The study for this discussion was performed during the early part of the last century and involved several hundred African American males who had syphilis. Participants were not notified that they were actually part of the study and were not given treatment for syphilis, which was available during the study.

This study is a good example of how research on human subjects should not be conducted. Unfortunately, this study was fundamentally unethical in its execution and was not set up according to the scientific method. However, a discussion on this study is an excellent opportunity for students to learn how to apply the scientific method to a real- life situation.

Instructions: Go to the CDC website and review the history of the study: http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/

Answer one of the following questions:

1)How could a better knowledge of biology have possibly protected the participants?

2)Explain how a study of this kind could have been properly designed using the five basic steps of thescientific method.

3)Was there a hypothesis that scientists were trying to answer? If so, what was it?

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Jamar FerryLv2

6 Aug 2018

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We are going through a time of profound change in our understanding of the ethics of applied social research. From the time immediately after World War II until the early 1990s, there was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles that should underlie the research endeavor. Two marker events stand out (among many others) as symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial following World War II brought to public view the ways German scientists had used captive human subjects as subjects in oftentimes gruesome experiments. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study involved the withholding of known effective treatment for syphilis from African-American participants who were infected. Events like these forced the reexamination of ethical standards and the gradual development of a consensus that potential human subjects needed to be protected from being used as 'guinea pigs' in scientific research.â http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php

After reading the above paragraph answer the following question:

What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important?

goldpig508

Select two types of measurement validity

Compare and contrast the two types of validity you have chosen.

Explain the pros and cons of each type.

Now that you have examined validity, letâs focus on reliability.

Select two of the ways to determine measurement reliability.

Define and explain how each type can be applied to a research plan.

Understanding both validity and reliability provides a foundation for apply to research.

From the remaining two ways of determining validity, select which one (or two) you could apply to your own research.

Explain why you think this is the best way (or ways) of determining validity in your research. Include the reliability factor, as well.

Bakground on my study:

Purpose: Single subject research was designed to be able to study a single individual or a number of individuals as whole. It is considered scientifically valid research that works though using the scientific method. As in any research, it is used to define effectiveness of an intervention and understand supporting clinical change.

Variables: In a study were an autistic child could be monitored at home, while have tantrums. These emotional outbursts could be measured by the time that it takes for the tantrums to be over and how the intensity of these outbursts by using at least a 5 data point level.

Plan: Through using the ABAB design with A design being the baseline of the tantrums and B design showing the intervention with a phase out or ramp up phase. This happens during change in conditions. Once the intervention is being removed and another baseline is obtained, a second intervention can be used. This will help further evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. The pros are that this data can be put onto a graph, so that progress can be easily monitored and evaluated. The cons are to remember that these are people that we are dealing with and not just the results of an experiment.

Data Collection: Involve caretakers, teachers and parents in the behavioral plan. The staff assisting could record the time of tantrums, the duration by minutes. The intensity should be recorded by using a rating system of 0 being no intensity, at all and 10 being the worst that one could imagine.

Implementing and intervention would include playing soothing music during the childâs behavior. The music should reduce the stress felt by the child and soothe and lessen the outburst of the child. Also, teaching the child how to stop and breath would be another intervention that could be brought into play.

Pros and Cons: The pros are that hopefully we can find a way to reduce the intensity or the number of tantrums that are exhibited by the child. The cons are that the intervention itself, does not tell us what is the cause of the emotional outbursts.

pearwolf621

List below the four missing steps of the Scientific Method. Then, for each step, write a statement that illustrates how scientists applied the scientific method to the experiments described below. I have provided step four as an example.

For centuries, people noticed that plants tend to grow or lean towards a window but, prior to the 18th century, no one knew why plants responded this way. During the late 1600s to early 1700s, scientists considered several possible explanations. One idea was that plants responded to fresh air. An experiment was designed to grow several plants in two growth chambers, with light coming in from the side by a window. The only difference between the chambers was that one had the window closed so light could enter the chamber but fresh air could not enter. The other chamber had the window open so that light and fresh air could enter. The plants in both chambers grew towards the window. The results of the experiment showed that fresh air was not the reason the plants were growing or leaning towards windows.

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method:

d. Experiment and results: Scientists noted that plants leaned towards a light source but not to a fresh air source or a warm temperature source.

Homing pigeons are remarkable for their ability to return to their home roost from any direction and distance. Biologists wondered how the homing pigeons were able to determine their orientation and the direction of flight to return home. Previous studies had shown that young pigeons, taking their first flight, did not use the sun for orientation. Another idea that had been proposed was that the pigeons orient using the earth's magnetic fields that extend from the north to the south poles, much like a compass always points to the magnetic north pole. To test this idea, scientists built a flight chamber with no exposure to external light. The chambers were surrounded by a magnetic field that the scientists could adjust to change the apparent location of the magnetic north pole. Homing pigeons were placed in the chambers and given time to adjust to their new surroundings. The scientists changed the location of the apparent North Pole to several different locations around the chamber. In all cases, the pigeons maintained the same orientation relative to the adjusted magnetic North Pole. Their results provided strong evidence that homing pigeons use the earth's magnetic fields to determine their direction of flight. Since then, many experiments have shown that most other birds, as well as many other animals, use the earth's magnetic field to determine orientation and direction for migration.

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method:

d. Experiment and results: Scientists showed that homing pigeons use magnetic fields to orient their direction of flight.