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1 Jul 2019

Biology Experiment 3:
post lab question.
1. what is the purpose of determining the pH of the acetic and the sodium bicarbonate solution before testing the other household substances?
2. compare and contrast acids bases in term of their H+ ion and OHÂ¯ ion concentrations.
3. name two acids and two bases you often use.

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Jean KeelingLv2

3 Jul 2019

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Related questions

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

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Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

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Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

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Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

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bluebeaver798

2260 A&P 1 Lecture - Unit 1

Beware! ANYTHING within the assigned readings or discussed in lecture is fair game whether it is part of this list or not!!

What is the study of Anatomy? Provide an example of an anatomical study.

What is the study of Physiology? Provide an example of a physiological study.

List the characteristics of living things and briefly discuss them.

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Compare/Contrast sections and planes.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the anatomical position?

Practice placing a section through a location in the body and then determine what structures would be made visible by that section in that location. For example if a coronal (frontal) section were made in the thoracic region (would be able to see both lungs, the heart, depending on the exact location of the cut, maybe the esophagus and /or the trachea)

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Distinguish between the nine abdominal regions and four quadrants and indicate what major organ(s) would be found deep to that region or quadrant.

Why is it important to study the language of anatomy and physiology if one is going into the medical field?

Define homeostasis. What thing (or things) in our body maintains homeostasis? And what regulates those "things"?

What is the likely result if homeostasis is not maintained?

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Distinguish between atoms, and molecules. Provide an example of each.

What information is provided by the molecular formula? For example what can be said of the formula C₆H₁₂O_6, the molecular formula for glucose?

Briefly distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. Recall that MY preferred defining quality differs from what the text says!

Consider/review the important inorganic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their importance in the human body.

Distinguish between acids and bases. Which of these will have relatively more free H+ ions?

What is the pH range of an acid? Of a base? What would be the pH value of a solution where the number of H+ ions = OH- ions?

What are the states of acidosis and alkalosis with reference to blood pH values?

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Discuss the term osmolarity.

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When two of these carbohydrate monomers are bonded together what "class" of carbohydrate is formed? What are the types of this "class"? What is the source (food) for each of these?

When three or more of these monomers are bonded together they form which "class" of carbohydrate? Which one of these stores excess carbs in animals (mainly in the liver)? Which one stores excess carbs in plants? And which one is indigestible by the human gut, but is important because it provides "bulk" in the form of fiber and helps keep fecal matter moving in the intestines?

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Briefly describe deoxyribonucleic acid including its general function.

Briefly describe ribonucleic acid including its general function.

What are the monomers of proteins? What kind of bond holds the monomers together?

Distinguish between oligopeptides and polypeptides.

Choose TWO general functions of proteins based on the globular vs fibrous classification of proteins, the class of protein that performs that function and a specific example for each.

What events or environments denature a protein? What has happened if a protein is denatured? What happens to its function if it is denatured?

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What are enzyme co-factors and what is their role in enzyme action?

How are enzymes regulated?

HELP ASAP; Please help me understand my lab results, so be detailed to clearly understand

Then , Please include answers to the question below to include in your response

1. what role does ampicilin (amp) and arabinose (ara) play in the experiment.

2) Because GFP was isolated from jelly fisht, what modification to the GFP DNA had to be made to result in expression in E. coli?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Transformation of GFP and the pGLO Plasmid GFP is a commonly used reporter protein in research labs, as the fluorescence creates a marker protein that can be used in many types of cell biology and biochemical studies. In basic research, GFP is often fused to a specific target protein of interest, creating a chimeric reporter protein. GFP has been used as a reporter protein to study blood vessel and tumor progression in mice, brain activity in mice, and malaria eradication in mosquitoes for instance (see website mentioned in notes). In the first week you will use a procedure to genetically transform bacteria with the gene that codes for Green Fluorescent Protein. Following the transformation procedure, the bacteria express their newly acquired jellyfish gene and produce the fluorescent protein, which causes them to glow a brilliant green color under ultraviolet light. During the second week you will purify the protein away from all of the other proteins produced by the bacteria using chromatography, and during the third week you will evaluate the success of the purification procedure and estimate the size (molecular weight) of GFP by using sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Fundamental to the process of genetic transformation of bacteria are plasmids. In addition to one large chromosome, bacteria naturally contain one or more small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. Plasmid DNA usually contains genes for one or more traits that may be beneficial to bacterial survival. In nature, bacteria can transfer plasmids back and forth allowing them to share these beneficial genes. This natural mechanism allows bacteria to adapt to new environments. The occurrence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is due in large part to the transmission of plasmids which contain antibiotic resistance genes. The pGLO plasmid contains the gene for GFP, and also contains the gene for the enzyme Î²-lactamase (bla), which provides resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. The Î²-lactamase protein is produced and secreted by bacteria that contain the plasmid. Î²-Lactamase inactivates the ampicillin present in the LB nutrient agar, allowing bacterial growth. Only transformed bacteria that contain the plasmid and express Î²-lactamase can survive on plates that contain ampicillin. Only a very small percentage of the cells take up the plasmid DNA and are transformed. Untransformed cells cannot grow on the ampicillin selection plates. pGLO also incorporates a special gene regulation system, which can be used to control expression of the fluorescent protein in transformed cells. The gene for GFP can be switched on in transformed cells by adding the sugar arabinose to the cellsâ nutrient medium. Selection for cells that have been transformed with pGLO DNA is accomplished by growth on antibiotic plates. Transformed cells will appear white (wild-type phenotype) on plates not containing arabinose, and fluorescent green when arabinose is included in the nutrient agar medium.

The transformation procedure involves three main steps. These steps are intended to introduce the plasmid DNA into the E. coli cells and provide an environment for the cells to express their newly acquired genes. 1) Cells are first treated with a solution of CaCl2, which is thought to neutralize the repulsive negative charges of the phosphate backbone of DNA and the phospholipids of the cell membrane, allowing the DNA to adhere to the cells. This is referred to making the cells âcompetentâ (i.e. the cells are capable, or competent, to take-in exogenous DNA). 2) Cells are then subjected to a heat shock, which is thought to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing the cells to take-in the plasmid DNA. 3) Cells are allowed to grow in a ârecoveryâ phase in the absence of ampicillin. During this time the cells begin to produce the Î²-lactamase protein, which will allow them to survive when they are subsequently placed on agar plates containing ampicillin.

For the first week section of lab

To eac

h of two microfuge tubes, add 250ul of transformation buffer. Keep these tubes on ice.

Using a sterile loop, pick one colony of bacteria from the LB plate. Transfer this colony to one of the microfuge tubes.

Gently vortex the tube until the colony is dispersed. Repeat for the second tube. Add 0.08ug of DNA to one of these tubes (+DNA tube).

Incubate both tubes on ice for 10 minutes. Incubate both tubes at 42Â°C for 50 seconds.

Incubate both tubes on ice for 2 minutes. Add 250ul of LB broth to each tube and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes. Flick each tube gently. Add 100ul of t

his transformation mix to the appropriate plates.

Results For plates:

+DNA: Has the E. Coli pGlo plasmid and - DNA plates do no have EColi pGLo plasmid .

Amp means ampiclin and Ara means arabinose on agar plates

+ DNA Plate LB/amp/ara--> white 9 colonies, Glow: yes

+DNA LB/amp--> 7 colonies, GLow: no

--DNA LB/AMP- 1 colony so no colony growth and no glovw

-DNA: LB--> many colonies, Glow: no

Please explain significance of result or thand the reason for the results in scientific terms based on the background information provided and your own knowledge to be detailed. Would these results be expected as wll.