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Jessica and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Jessica and Carl’s views reflect the _____ approach to psychology.

sociocultural humanistic psychodynamic behavioral

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4 Jan 2019
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Review the following case study:

Maria, a 30-year-old woman from Puerto Rico and the mother of two boys, was hospitalized after overdosing on sleeping medication. For two months prior to the attempt, she had been seeking therapy for tiredness, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbances. Her therapist noted that she exhibited significant hopelessness, fatigue, and irritability. Additionally, Maria was low-keyed, restrained in behavior, avoided eye contact, and found it difficult to verbalize her thoughts and feelings.

The overdose occurred after Maria’s husband, Rick, her high school sweetheart, refused to allow her to attend night school. Maria had registered for a college course because she wanted to advance in her current job. The therapist supported Maria’s decision, believing it could also help her gain confidence in her daily life. When Rick found out about this went into a rage, tearing up her registration papers and tossing out her books. He refused to go to therapy with Maria or discuss the matter further.

a. (8 points) What is the most appropriate diagnosis for Maria based upon what you have learned this semester? Briefly explain your rationale including information from the course texts and/or lecture notes.

b. (8 points) Assume that you are a therapist who specializes in humanistic approaches. How would you treat Maria? For your response, give TWO examples linking the humanistic perspective (person-centered therapy) to Maria’s problems/symptoms.

c. (8 points) Now assume that you are a cognitive-behavioral psychologist. How would you treat Maria? For your response, give TWO examples linking either cognitive or behavioral techniques to Maria’s problems/symptoms.

d. (8 points) Which of the therapeutic approaches that you discussed above do you believe would be most effective at helping Maria? Explain your rationale, linking it to specific information from the text and/or class lectures/notes.

(8 points) Consider the articles by Zimbardo (The pathology of imprisonment) and Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo (Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison), as well as our class discussion about the Stanford Prison Study. Name and describe TWO situational factors that affected the guards’ and/or prisoners’ behavior. Use examples to illustrate.

Neurosicence/Biology Question

A pharmaceutical company is developing a new drug which up-regulates cholinergic signaling in the brain (e.g. causes more ACh to be produced and released). They believe this will work as a general “intelligence booster” and make people who take it smarter. Their approach is based on scientific observations that cholinergic signaling is associated with attention and spatiotemporal memory formation, that damage to cholinergic nuclei in the basal forebrain interfere with the ocular dominance shift (which is a form of experience-dependent plasticity), that cholinergic neurons are some of the first to die in Alzheimer’s disease and presage intellectual decline, and on models suggesting that muscarinic signaling increases the contribution of intracortical projections associated with “thought” as opposed to “sensory processing”.

You are hired as a consultant for a venture capital firm that is considering investing in this drug. What is the strongest single argument you can make for why this drug is unlikely to work as advertised (i.e. unlikely to make people that take it smarter)?

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast two approaches of evolutionary psychology on human behavior

Best practice to participate in the discussion boards is to read the articles and consider the following questions. Then go to the discussion board and talk amongst yourselves; don't forget to post a minimum of a paragraph and reply to a colleague.

1. Some evolutionary psychologists, such as David Buss, suggest that men are more promiscuous than women. Man are hardwired for sex, wanting to have sex with as many women as possible. This is an evolutionary advantage, which gives men the opportunity to impregnate as many women as possible (i.e. to spread their seed). In addition, men prefer to have sex with women that are younger and have an hourglass shape. Both youth and a curvy figure are evolutionary signifiers of reproductive health. Buss also suggests that women are more selective in their mating and dating preferences. While men have a tendency to want to sleep around, women are choosier. Why? Because men have the ability to impregnate many women, while women can only have one offspring at a time. It is evolutionarily advantageous for women to be picky about their mates. What kind of mate to women prefer? They prefer mates with power and resources; men who can provide for the survival of their offspring. For our early ancestors this meant a man who could "bring home the bacon" now this means a man who brings home the money. Feminist evolutionary psychologists think this is just ridiculous. This type of thinking just portrays men and women as stereotypes.

2. Critics of the above theory demand: show me the physiological evidence. Evolutionary theory is rooted in biology hence there must be physical evidence to substantiate a claim. Feminist evolutionary psychologists say: It's not men who want sleep around, in fact, it is women who are hard-wired to want to take on as many mates as possible. This is why society has spent so much energy trying to regulate female sexuality. What is the evidence? One: only maternity is 100%. Everyone knows for certain the identity of their mother, yet before the recent advent of testing, paternity was never 100%. In a communal living situation, all the men in the tribe would have to provide for a child because the possibility could be that child was their own. Two: women are multi-orgasmic, while men only have one orgasm and then their brain releases a chemical which causes them to fall asleep. As many know, women become active post-coitus. They want to talk and cuddle, while men want to nap. The suggestion here is that while men are sleeping it off on the bear skin rug, the women go to the next tent and have sex again with someone else. Finally, women have an organ designed specifically for sexual pleasure: the clitori. Men do not have such an organ. The existence of the clitori is a strong physiological indicator that supports the above assertion. How can you explain the existence of the clitori?

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