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Compare and contrast signal molecules that are classified as “hormones”, “neurohormones” or “factors”.

Distinguish between peptide hormones and steroid hormones. Compare endocrine cells' synthesis, storage, and release of peptide and steroid hormones, and the location of peptide and steroid hormone receptors and the cellular mechanisms of action.

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Deanna Hettinger
Deanna HettingerLv2
29 Sep 2019

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1. Be able to define the following terms: releasing hormone,inhibiting hornone, trooic hormone, nontropic hormones,neurosecretory cells.

2. What are hormones?

3. What are two specific differences between the endocrine andnervous systems?

4. What are the four different types of cell signaling?

5. What are the three types of hormonal control pathways? Givean example of each.

6. What is local regulator?

7. What type of feedback is a common feature of pathways thatcontrol homeostasis?

8. What are the three major classes of molecules that functionas hormones? Which are water-souble and which are lipid-souble?

9. Signaling by a hormone involves three key events. What arethey?

10. What is the correlation between solubility of a hormone andthe location of its receptors?

11. In addition to receptor location, water-soluble andlipid-soluble hormones also exhibit additional differences in theirresponse pathways. What are these differences?

12. What is signal transduction pathway?

13. Why can the same hormone have different effects on differentbody tissues?

14. Liver cells and the blood vessels of skeletal muscle cellshave identical surface receptors for epinephrine, yet the responeof these two cells types is dramatically different. Explain howthis is possible.

15. In the "fight or fight response" the release of epinephrinefrom the adrenal medulla cause skeletal muscle blood vessels todilate while simultaneously constricting blood vessels of theintestine. Explain how this is possible.

16. List the three types of local regulators discussed in classand explain their function.


1. Explain the difference between fast and slow block to polyspermy?

2. Explain how the amount of yolk in an egg affects cleavage and early development.

3. Hormones play a significant role in the digestion and processing of nutrients. Explain where each of the following comes from and how each functions in nutritional processes: secretin, insulin, glucagon.

4. Compare and contrast the following mechanisms for hormone transport: endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, neuroendocrine signaling, and pheromone signaling.

5. Explain the general effects of an endocrine disruptor. Why is much of what we know about endocrine disruption from model organisms?

6. Imagine a hummingbird species has detected the odor of nectar. Explain how the signal is received and then transmitted from one neuron to the next. In your explanation diagram the6 stages of an action potential and indicate what initiates the action potential.

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