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Describe how structure/chemistry determines function for each of the macromolecules. Be detailed in your answer!

Helpful hints:

- Fatty acid saturation, steroids, carotenoids

- Cellulose vs starch, monosaccharide modification

- Nucleotide base pairing

- Amino acid side chain chemistry

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Casey Durgan
Casey DurganLv2
29 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Unit 2 Organic Chemistry

Organic compounds vs. Inorganic compounds

What makes a compound organic? Inorganic?

Functional groups (phosphate groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups)

Know the structure of each of these groups, and which organic compounds they are found in. You can draw them for your own use.

Hydrolysis

What is it? What is it used for?

Dehydration synthesis

What is it? What is it used for?

Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides and examples)

Know the process of joining two monosaccharides together to create a disaccharide.

Be able to give examples of several monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharide examples (3)

Disaccharide examples (2)

Complex carbohydrates (3)

Lipids (Saturated vs. Unsaturated; Phospholipids, Steroids)

Define a saturated fatty acid.

Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Draw if it helps.

What process is used to put the fatty acid chain on a glycerol molecule?

Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic

Define hydrophilic.

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Define hydrophobic.

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Proteins, types and functions

What is a protein composed of, and what does it do?

Amino acids

Name the three parts of the amino acid that come off the common Carbon.

Identify each of the three parts. (Amino Acid ID game)

Peptide Bonds

How are they formed?

What two parts of each amino acid do they join together?

Enzymes - define.

Levels of Protein structure

Complete the chart below.

Protein structure level

definition

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quarternary

Protein Denaturation

What is it and how does it happen?

Define what a Solute is.

Define what a solvent is

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Nucleotide

Name its three parts and be able to identify each of them on a diagram. (Nucleotide ID game)

What are the two possible sugars used in a nucleotide?

Complete the Table below.

DNA

RNA

ATP

What sugar does it have?

What nitrogen bases does it have?

Provide the pairings of the nitrogen bases of each nucleic acid

N/A

What is its structure?

2. From studies of chemistry, we know that in a straight chainhydrocarbon, such as a fatty acid, each methylene group lengthensthe chain by about 0.13 nm. From studies of protein structure, weknow that one turn of an α-helix takes 3.6 amino acid residues andlengthens the axis of the helix by about 0.56 nm. Using thisinformation, answer the following questions: (Answer parts a-c toone decimal place in units of nm, e.g. 9.0 nm.)

a. (1 pt) Using this information, how thick is the non-polarcore of the bilayer containing the GLUT1 transporter (i.e. what isthe length of each helix)?

b. (1 pt) How many fatty acid methylene groups would be neededto span this distance? (Round to closest whole number.)

c. (1 pt) Since fatty acids in membrane lipids always have aneven number of carbons in their chains, what chain lengths might becommon in this membrane? (Write the number of carbons. More thanone number may be correct.)

d. (2 pts) Most membrane lipids have 16 or 18 carbons, how canthe length of these fatty acids be accommodated in themembrane?

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

DNA replication requires primers

Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication

RNA is involved in DNA replication

The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication

There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids

a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids

a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids

a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids

a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond

nucleotide, nucleic acid

amino acid, nucleic acid

nucleotide, nitrogenous base

amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction

variation in traits is often heritable

descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity

organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes

natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

Met-Ile-Val

Asp-Ala-Ser-Met

Met-Leu-Val

Ser-Met-Ile-Val

Gly-Cys

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