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mocrobiology question:
Discuss the 6 major fungal groups. Base your discussion on the following criteria:
a) generation of progeny
b) paraphylesis
c) fungal targets for treating fungal infections
d) advantages shown by fungi within a saprophytic environment (20)

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Irving Heathcote
Irving HeathcoteLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

5. Use fern life cycle to answer the following questions.

a) Are the spores produced by the sporophyte formed by meiosis or mitosis?

b) Do the spores belong to the gametophyte or the sporophyte generation?

c) Are the gametes produced by mitosis or meiosis?

d) Is the dominant generation for bryophytes the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

e) Is the dominant generation for ferns the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

f) Can you suggest any ecological role for ferns?

4) Use the fungal life cycle to answer the questions.

a) Define plasmogamy and karyogamy.

b) Name one difference between asexual spores and sexual spores.

c) How did zygomycota (zygote fungi) get its name? What is the name of the structure that makes this group of fungi distinct?

. You are interested in continuing the work of Dr Mendes. What is one additional question that you might logically ask about this issue? Justify the question that you propose by logically describing why this is an important question to ask. Design and describe how to run an experiment to test the question you proposed. Be very specific. Make sure that the design is feasible (no growing plants on Jupiter). Include the following: · Independent and dependent variables · Control variables · Equipment and supplies needed · Outline the basic protocol to follow. · Describe WHY and HOW you will manipulate variables

here is the full question:

Do soil microorganisms protect against crop disease?

The rhizosphere, the soil layer surrounding plant roots, is a complex community in which archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants interact with one another. After plants are attacked by fungal or bacterial pathogens, soil from the rhizosphere may protect plants from future attacks. Such protective soil is called disease-suppressive.

Researchers investigated whether microorganisms were responsible for the protective effects of disease-suppressive soils. Disease-suppressive soil was obtained from an agricultural field in the Netherlands in which sugar beet crops had previously been attacked by a fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Other soil was collected from the margin of the field. The researchers predicted that soil from the margin would not offer protection against pathogens.

The researchers then planted and raised sugar beets in greenhouses, using 5 different soil treatments. Each soil treatment was applied to 4 pots, and each pot contained 8 plants. The pots were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and placed in greenhouses kept at 20°C with a 16-hour light: 8-hour dark cycle. After 20 days, researchers determined the percentage of infected sugar beet seedlings for each soil treatment. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Soil Treatment

Percentage of Seedlings

with Fungal Disease

Disease-suppressive soil

3.0

Soil from margin of field

62

Soil from margin of field

+10% disease-suppressive soil

39

Disease-suppressive soil heated

to 50∘C for 1 hour

31

Disease-suppressive soil heated

to 80∘C for 1 hour

70

(Data from R. Mendes, et al. Deciphering the rhizosphere for disease-suppressive bacteria, Science 332: 1097-1100 (2011)).


1. Deep sea thermal vents are characterized by extremepressures, very high water temp (exceeding 100 celsius) and veryhigh concentrations of minerals. What type of prokaryotic organismsare most likely to be found there and why?

Archaea; tetraethers are morethermally stable.
Archaea; the partial membranessurrounding the DNA provide more protection.
Bacteria; the peptidoglycans in thecell walls keep them from overheating.

Bacteria; they use the energy from the minerals to power theirchloroplasts.

2. Farmers often practice crop rotation to help enrichagricultural fields. Why are beans and other legumes often used inthe rotations?

Legumes remove toxins from thesoil.
Less carbon dioxide.
Bacteria in legume root nodules arenitrifiers.
Legumes enrich the soil by formingheterocysts.

Beans fix nitrogen.

3. The fungus Penicillium produces a compound thatblocks peptidoglycan assembly. Why is a fungus trying to killbacteria?

The compound produced by the fungusis used for nitrogen fixation, the antibacterial properties areaccidental.
The fungal compound is produced inresponse to a bacterial invasion of the fungal hyphae.
Fungi and bacteria are bothdecomposers and compete for resources.

Fungi eat bacteria.

4. If Chlamydia is often asymptomatic, why is it necessary totreat it?

Pelvic inflammatory disease is apotential complication and can render women sterile.
Tertiary chlamydia causesneurological problems.
Chlamydia infection is a major riskfactor for cervical cancer.

Vertical transmission of chlamydia causes birth defects.

5. A mutant strain and the wild-type have different growthrequirements, they are given below.

Wild-type growth factors: A,B,C,D
Mutant growth factors: A,B,C,D,E

Select all the true statements concerning this situation.

It is possible to formulate a mediathat will allow the mutant to grow but not the wild-type.
A minimal medium will allow themutant to grow.
The mutant is auxotrophic.
Replica plating would be used toidentify the mutant.

An early stop codon may have occurred in the mutant.

6. Cell X has 45% adenine in it's genome and a thickpeptidoglycan cell wall. It is most likely a(n)

cyanobacteria
fungal endospore
low CG Bacteria
thermophilic archaean

actinobacteria

7. Are transformation and transduction the same process?

No; only transformation passes ongenes for pathogenicity.
Yes; they both involve theacquisition of viral genes.
Yes; both processes transferspecific gene products to a specific bacterium.

No; although both involve gene transfer the sources of thegenetic material differ.

8. In terrestrial environments, nitrogen fixation only occurs insoils. Why is this the case?

Free oxygen acts and atranscription inhibitor of nif genes.
The enzymatic activity of thenitrogenase complex is inhibited by oxygen.
UV-radiation denatures thenitogenase enzyme complex.
nif genes are sensitive tolight.

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